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281.
282.
Fred Feldman 《Philosophical Studies》2006,129(1):49-79
Utilitarians are attracted to the idea that an act is morally right iff it leads to the best outcome. But critics have pointed
out that in many cases we cannot determine which of our alternatives in fact would lead to the best outcome. So we can’t use
the classic principle to determine what we should do. It’s not “practical”; it’s not “action-guiding”. Some take this to be
a serious objection to utilitarianism, since they think a moral theory ought to be practical and action-guiding. In response,
some utilitarians propose to modify utilitarianism by replacing talk of actual utility with talk of expected utility. Others
propose to leave the original utilitarian principle in place, but to combine it with a decision procedure involving expected
utility. What all these philosophers have in common is this: they move toward expected utility in order to defend utilitarianism
against the impracticality objection. My aim in this paper is to cast doubt on this way of replying to the objection. My central
claim is that if utilitarians are worried about the impracticality objection, they should not turn to expected utility utilitarianism.
That theory does not provide the basis for a cogent reply to the objection.
Originally presented at the 2004 Bellingham Summer Philosophy Conference,
Bellingham Washington, August 2, 2004, with comments by Gustaf Arrhenius and Elizabeth Harman. I am grateful to Arrhenius
and Harman for their challenging criticism, as well as to Chris Heathwood, Michael Zimmerman, Owen McLeod, Elinor Mason, Eric
Moore and other participants at the Bellingham Conference for comments and suggestions. In October, 2004 I discovered Mark
Strasser’s ‘Actual Versus Probable Utilitarianism’. I see that in that paper Strasser anticipates a number of the points I
make here. 相似文献
283.
The transformed role of school counselors as advocates is key in reducing the academic achievement gap. Redefining the school counselors' role requires culturally competent practitioners, social justice advocates, and organizational/social change agents. A major obstacle to implementing culturally responsive social justice advocacy and change in schools is referred to as the nice counselor syndrome (NCS). This article discusses the insidious effects of NCS and outlines a set of recommendations designed to assist school counselors in moving beyond this syndrome. 相似文献
284.
Learning (not) to talk about race: when older children underperform in social categorization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The present research identifies an anomaly in sociocognitive development, whereby younger children (8 and 9 years) outperform their older counterparts (10 and 11 years) in a basic categorization task in which the acknowledgment of racial difference facilitates performance. Though older children exhibit superior performance on a race-neutral version of the task, their tendency to avoid acknowledging race hinders objective success when race is a relevant category. That these findings emerge in late childhood, in a pattern counter to the normal developmental trajectory of increased cognitive expertise in categorization, suggests that this anomaly indicates the onset of a critical transition in human social development. 相似文献
285.
The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine self‐objectification as a correlate of pregnant women's concerns about public breastfeeding and the impact of breastfeeding on body shape and sexuality. Fifty‐two pregnant women enrolled in the Women, Infants, and Children Program responded to telephone questions regarding concerns about breastfeeding, attitudes toward breastfeeding, and self‐objectification. Women who scored higher on measures of self‐objectification reported more concern about the impact of breastfeeding on their bodies and sexuality and were less comfortable with the idea of breastfeeding in public than were women with lower self‐objectification scores. Self‐objectification was not associated with more negative attitudes toward breastfeeding or weaker intentions to breastfeed. Implications for the promotion of breastfeeding for low‐income women are discussed. 相似文献
286.
Neuroendocrine regulation and physical and relational aggression: the moderating roles of child maltreatment and gender 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the association between circadian rhythms of cortisol and physical and relational aggression. Morning arrival, prelunch, and afternoon predeparture salivary cortisol were assessed among 418 maltreated and nonmaltreated children (52% maltreated; 49% female) attending a summer day camp. Counselors and peers rated participants' involvement in physically and relationally aggressive behaviors. Results indicated that physical aggression was associated with heightened cortisol following morning arrival and relatively steep declines in cortisol over the day, whereas relational aggression was associated with low cortisol following morning arrival and blunted diurnal change in cortisol. Moreover, maltreatment was a significant moderator of this relationship such that aggression was related to greater cortisol dysregulation among nonmaltreated than among maltreated children. The findings suggest that physiological correlates of aggression may differ for physical and relational forms of aggression and among maltreated versus nonmaltreated populations. 相似文献
287.
In this article, the authors provide the counselor wishing to work with incarcerated adolescents with background information relating to the current scope of the problem and the current state of the juvenile justice system in the United States. The authors also review the current research regarding juvenile delinquency and outline a series of clinical techniques. The authors close by providing a developmental framework for enhancing the understanding of and guiding treatment for this difficult population. 相似文献
288.
Fred Wilson 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2003,1(1):27-39
It has been argued that strikes are morally objectionable in the university context. They injure third parties – the students – and for this reason ought to be rejected. More generally, the strike weapon has led to a reduction of the power of Boards of Governors to adjust universities to changing times. And furthermore, the use of the strike weapon and the ensuing conflicts can injure the collegial form of governance that is essential to higher education. It is here argued that these arguments are hardly conclusive, and that there are virtues to having the strike as a means to resolve disputes. But keeping things on track requires both parties to adhere to the moral and social virtue of civility. 相似文献
289.
Nancy E Betz Fred H Borgen Alisa Paulsen Lenore W Harmon 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2003,62(1):76-100
This series of studies describes the development and psychometric evaluation of 17 scales measuring confidence or self-efficacy with respect to basic domains of vocational activity. The confidence scales assessed previously measured interest dimensions such as Writing, Mechanical Activities, and Public Speaking, but also included dimensions reflective of recent changes in the nature of work or the culture of the workplace, for example, Using Technology, Creative Production, and Cultural Sensitivity. The scales were internally consistent, showed predictable patterns of gender differences and similarities, and were in generally most highly related to the predicted Holland confidence theme. Discriminant analyses of scores across the eight largest occupational groups represented indicated large improvements over chance, or a priori probabilities, in the prediction of occupational group membership. Further research on and use of these 17 new scales in joint interpretations of parallel measures of interest and confidence are discussed. 相似文献
290.
Patrick J Rottinghaus Lisa M Larson Fred H Borgen 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2003,62(2):221-236
This study empirically synthesizes and evaluates studies that have examined the relation between vocationally relevant domains of self-efficacy and interests. We conducted a meta-analytic review of 60 empirical independent samples (N=39,154) in which relations between self-efficacy and interests had been examined. Fifty-three of these samples (N=37,829) included parallel measures of the constructs. Relations between parallel measures of Holland’s RIASEC themes, the specific dimensions of art, math, science and math/science combined, and traditionally female and male occupations are also presented. Results demonstrated that self-efficacy and interests are independent constructs that correlate moderately. Differences by sex, measure, and age group are noted. Future directions for research regarding links between self-efficacy and interests are discussed. 相似文献