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641.
It has been suggested that, as a result of expertise, configural information plays a predominant role in face processing. We investigated this idea using novel and learned faces. In experiment 1, sixteen participants matched two subsequently presented blurred or scrambled faces, which could be either upright or inverted, in a sequential same -different matching task. By means of blurring, featural information is hampered, whilst scrambling disrupts configural information. Each face was unfamiliar to the participants and was presented for 1000 ms. An ANOVA on the d' values revealed a significant advantage for scrambled faces. In experiment 2, fourteen participants were tested with the same design, except that the second face was always intact. Again, the ANOVA on the d' values revealed a significant advantage for scrambled faces. In experiment 3 half of the faces were learned in a familiarisation block prior to the experiment. The ANOVA of these d' values revealed a significant interaction of familiarity and condition, showing that blurred stimuli were better recognised when the faces were familiar. These results suggest that recognition of novel faces, compared to learned faces, relies relatively more on the processing of featural information. In the course of familiarisation the importance of configural information increases. 相似文献
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Knight DC Smith CN Cheng DT Stein EA Helmstetter FJ 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2004,4(3):317-325
Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have characterized brain systems involved in conditional response
acquisition during Pavlovian fear conditioning. However, the functional neuroanatomy underlying the extinction of human conditional
fear remains largely undetermined. The present study used fMRI to examine brain activity during acquisition and extinction
of fear conditioning. During the acquisition phase, participants were either exposed to light (CS) presentations that signaled
a brief electrical stimulation (paired group) or received light presentations that did not serve as a warning signal (control
group). During the extinction phase, half of the paired group subjects continued to receive the same treatment, whereas the
remainder received light alone. Control subjects also received light alone during the extinction phase. Changes in metabolic
activity within the amygdala and hippocampus support the involvement of these regions in each of the procedural phases of
fear conditioning. Hippocampal activity developed during acquisition of the fear response. Amygdala activity increased whenever
experimental contingencies were altered, suggesting that this region is involved in processing changes in environmental relationships.
The present data show learning-related amygdala and hippocampal activity during human Pavlovian fear conditioning and suggest
that the amygdala is particularly important for forming new associations as relationships between stimuli change. 相似文献
645.
Carolyn?YoonEmail author Fred?Feinberg Ting?Luo Trey?Hedden Angela?Hall?Gutchess Hiu-Ying?Mary?Chen Joseph?A.?Mikels Shulan?Jiao Denise?C.?Park 《Behavior research methods》2004,36(4):639-649
The present study presents normative measures for 260 line drawings of everyday objects, found in Snodgrass and Vanderwart
(1980), viewed by individuals in China and the United States. Within each cultural group, name agreement, concept agreement,
and familiarity measures were obtained separately for younger adults and older adults. For a subset of 57 pictures (22%),
there was equivalence in both name agreement and concept agreement, and for an additional subset of 29 pictures (11%), there
was nonequivalent name agreement but equivalent concept agreement, across all culture-by-age groups. The data indicate substantial
differences across culture-by-age groups in name agreement percentages and number of distinct name responses provided. We
discovered significant differences between older and younger American adults in both name agreement percentages (67 pictures,
or 26%) and concept agreement percentages (44 pictures, or 17%). Written naming responses collected for the entire set of
Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures showed shifts in both naming and concept agreement percentages over the intervening decades:
Although correlations in name agreement were strong (r
= .71,p < .001) between our younger American samples and those of Snodgrass and Vanderwart, name agreement percentages have changed
for a substantial proportion (33%) of the 260 pictures; moreover, 63% of the stimuli for which Snodgrass and Vanderwart reported
concept agreement now appear to differ. We provide comprehensive comparison statistics and tests for both the present study
and prior ones, finding differences across numerous item-level measures. The corpus of data suggests that substantial differences
in all measures can be found across age as well as culture, so that unequivocal conclusions with respect to cross-cultural
or age-related differences in cognition can be made only when appropriate stimuli are selected for studies. Data for all 260
pictures, for each of the four groups, and all supporting materials and tests are freely archived athttp://agingmind.cns.uiuc.edu/Pict Norms. The full set of these norms may be downloaded fromwwwpsychonomic.org/archive/. 相似文献
646.
Busch F 《Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association》2006,54(1):67-85
A clinical term is introduced to capture a defense that develops with the patient's deepening but fleeting awareness of painful transference feelings. The analyst's attention to countertransference in such situations is central to the analysis of these defenses. An attempt is made to distinguish defense enactments from other types of defenses, and to differentiate the analyst's countertransference reaction to this type of defense from countertransference reactions that might appear similar. The reasons for this dynamic in the interpersonal space are explored, and a clinical example that describes this phenomenon in the analytic moment is given. 相似文献
647.
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's 4/5ths rule has been used for over 20 years in applied psychology and employment law. The rule signals that there is adverse impact when the protected group selection ratio is less than 80% of the highest scoring group's selection ratio. We conducted several simulations and found, consistent with some previous management science literature, that the 4/5ths rule often resulted in false-positive readings of adverse impact even when there were no underlying (population) standardized group differences between subgroups. We then incorporated tests of statistical significance and found that adding such tests to the 4/5ths rule eliminated many false-positive indications of adverse impact. We also examined simulated selection systems based on meta-analytic values from the selection literature. The frequency of adverse impact signals from the 4/5ths rule increased markedly relative to simulations with no subgroup population differences. Adding statistical tests mitigated the number of indications of adverse impact to some extent. 相似文献
648.
Busch F 《Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association》2003,51(1):25-42
Patients need to tell their stories. One of our primary tasks as analysts is to help patients tell their stories and own them. The freedom of mind to think, to feel, and to know are dependent on the ongoing capacity for storytelling. The analyst's stance plays a major role in the development of the analysand's storytelling capacities. 相似文献
649.
Previc FH 《Consciousness and cognition》2006,15(3):500-539
The neuropsychology of religious activity in normal and selected clinical populations is reviewed. Religious activity includes beliefs, experiences, and practice. Neuropsychological and functional imaging findings, many of which have derived from studies of experienced meditators, point to a ventral cortical axis for religious behavior, involving primarily the ventromedial temporal and frontal regions. Neuropharmacological studies generally point to dopaminergic activation as the leading neurochemical feature associated with religious activity. The ventral dopaminergic pathways involved in religious behavior most closely align with the action-extrapersonal system in the model of 3-D perceptual-motor interactions proposed by . These pathways are biased toward distant (especially upper) space and also mediate related extrapersonally dominated brain functions such as dreaming and hallucinations. Hyperreligiosity is a major feature of mania, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, temporal-lobe epilepsy and related disorders, in which the ventromedial dopaminergic systems are highly activated and exaggerated attentional or goal-directed behavior toward extrapersonal space occurs. The evolution of religion is linked to an expansion of dopaminergic systems in humans, brought about by changes in diet and other physiological influences. 相似文献
650.
Gafford GM Parsons RG Helmstetter FJ 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2005,12(6):573-578
Benzodiazepines have been useful tools for investigating mechanisms underlying learning and memory. The present set of experiments investigates the role of hippocampal GABA(A)/benzodiazepine receptors in memory consolidation using Pavlovian fear conditioning. Rats were prepared with cannulae aimed at the dorsal hippocampus and trained with a series of white noise-shock pairings. In the first experiment, animals received intrahippocampal infusion of midazolam or vehicle immediately or 3 h after training. Then, 24 h later, freezing to the training context and the white noise were measured independently. Results show infusion of midazolam immediately, but not 3 h, after training selectively attenuates contextual fear conditioning. In the second experiment, animals received intrahippocampal infusions of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) targeting the alpha5 subunit of the GABA(A) receptor or a missense control for several days prior to training and testing. Immediately after training, animals received an infusion of either midazolam or vehicle. Western blots conducted after testing showed a significant decrease in alpha5-containing GABA(A) receptor protein. This reduction did not alter the effectiveness of midazolam immediately after training at impairing context fear memory. Therefore, alpha5-containing GABA(A) receptors may not contribute to the effects of midazolam on context fear conditioning when given immediately post-training. 相似文献