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671.
Uncovering the problem-solving process: cued retrospective reporting versus concurrent and retrospective reporting 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
van Gog T Paas F van Merriënboer JJ Witte P 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2005,11(4):237-244
This study investigated the amounts of problem-solving process information ("action," "why," "how," and "metacognitive") elicited by means of concurrent, retrospective, and cued retrospective reporting. In a within-participants design, 26 participants completed electrical circuit troubleshooting tasks under different reporting conditions. The method of cued retrospective reporting used the original computer-based task and a superimposed record of the participant's eye fixations and mouse-keyboard operations as a cue for retrospection. Cued retrospective reporting (with the exception of why information) and concurrent reporting (with the exception of metacognitive information) resulted in a higher number of codes on the different types of information than did retrospective reporting. 相似文献
672.
Adler LA Spencer T Faraone SV Reimherr FW Kelsey D Michelson D Biederman J 《Journal of attention disorders》2005,8(3):121-126
The standardization of ADHD ratings in adults is important given their differing symptom presentation. The authors investigated the agreement and reliability of rater standardization in a large-scale trial of atomoxetine in adults with ADHD. Training of 91 raters for the investigator-administered ADHD Rating Scale (ADHDRS-IV-Inv) occurred prior to initiation of a large, 31-site atomoxetine trial. Agreement between raters on total scores was established in two ways: (a) by Kappa coefficient (rater agreement for each item with the percentage of raters that had identical item-by-item scores) and (b) intraclass correlation coefficients (reliability). For the ADHDRS-IV-Inv, rater agreement was moderate, and reliability, as measured by Cronbach's alpha, was substantial. The data indicate that clinicians can be trained to reliably evaluate ADHD in adults using the ADHDRS-IV-Inv. 相似文献
673.
Karsch FJ Battaglia DF Breen KM Debus N Harris TG 《Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2002,5(2):101-112
This review summarizes highlights of our experiments investigating mechanisms, mediators and sites by which endotoxin disrupts reproductive neuroendocrine activity and interferes with the estrous cycle of sheep. Endotoxin, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is a commonly used model for immune and inflammatory stress. When administered to ovary-intact ewes, endotoxin interrupts the follicular phase of the cycle by interfering with several steps in the preovulatory chain of endocrine events. One such step is the development of high frequency LH pulses, which provide an essential stimulus for the preovulatory increase in estradiol secretion from the ovarian follicle. Follow-up experiments in ovariectomized ewes demonstrate that endotoxin inhibits pulsatile LH secretion at both the hypothalamic and pituitary levels, suppressing pulsatile GnRH secretion and reducing pituitary responsiveness to GnRH. This disruption of GnRH and LH pulsatility is mediated by pathways that include the synthesis of prostaglandins and cortisol, both of which are increased by endotoxin. It is postulated that a prostaglandin-mediated pathway disrupts the cycle during immune and inflammatory stress, whereas a separate cortisol-mediated pathway reinforces this disruption and also participates more generally in suppressing cyclicity during other stressful situations that activate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. 相似文献
674.
Bailey DJ Tetzlaff JE Cook JM He X Helmstetter FJ 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2002,78(1):1-10
Benzodiazepine pharmacology has led to greater insight into the neural mechanisms underlying learning and anxiety. The synthesis of new compounds capable of modulating responses produced by these receptors has been made possible by the development of an isoform model of the GABA(A)/benzodiazepine receptor complex. In the current experiment, rats were pretreated with several concentrations of the novel ligand RY024 (an alpha 5 beta 2 gamma 2 -selective benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist) in the hippocampus and were trained in a Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm. RY024 independently produced fear-related behavior prior to training and, at the highest concentration, decreased the strength of conditioning observed 24 h after training. These data provide further evidence for the involvement of hippocampal GABA(A)/benzodiazepine receptors in learning and anxiety. 相似文献
675.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of early experience (rearing conditions) on the central nervous system
(CNS) and behavior of spiderlings of Hogna
carolinensis (Lycosidae). We were interested in whether or not spiderlings that were allowed to remain in contact with their maternal
parent and siblings (enriched condition, EC) would exhibit differences in CNS development or subsequent behavior when compared
with those reared in isolation (impoverished condition, IC). Spiderlings emerged from their egg sacs and climbed onto the
dorsal surface of their mother's abdomen where they remained until their yolk supply was depleted (5 days). They dispersed
on day 6 after emergence. We compared the ability of 16-day-old EC and IC spiderlings to capture prey in a linear runway and
to learn a complex maze (spatial learning). We also compared certain aspects of CNS development (brain weight, total number
of brain cells, volume of central body and protocerebral neuropil) in EC and IC spiderlings. Results indicated that EC subjects
are more efficient at capturing moving prey (crickets) and exhibited improved performance (significantly fewer blind alley
errors) in the maze. The volume of the protocerebral neuropil in 6-day-old EC animals increased 30% over a 5-day period after
emergence as compared to IC animals of the same age. The volume of the central body of EC animals increased 34.8% over the
same time period. On day 6 after emergence, the weight of the protocerebrum was significantly greater in EC versus IC subjects.
There were no significant effects of rearing condition (EC vs IC) or age (1- and 6-day-old spiderlings) on the total number
of nerve cells in the protocerebrum, suggesting that the difference in protocerebral weight was due primarily to differences
in supporting glial tissues and neuropil matrix. In conclusion, the data suggest that early contact with the maternal parent
and siblings is of vital importance to CNS development in lycosid spiderlings and can influence the capacity for spatial learning
as well as the ability to capture prey.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
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Research showed that source memory functioning declines with ageing. Evidence suggests that encoding visual stimuli with manual pointing in addition to visual observation can have a positive effect on spatial memory compared with visual observation only. The present study investigated whether pointing at picture locations during encoding would lead to better spatial source memory than naming (Experiment 1) and visual observation only (Experiment 2) in young and older adults. Experiment 3 investigated whether response modality during the test phase would influence spatial source memory performance. Experiments 1 and 2 supported the hypothesis that pointing during encoding led to better source memory for picture locations than naming or observation only. Young adults outperformed older adults on the source memory but not the item memory task in both Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants manually responded in the test phase. Experiment 3 showed that if participants had to verbally respond in the test phase, the positive effect of pointing compared with naming during encoding disappeared. The results suggest that pointing at picture locations during encoding can enhance spatial source memory in both young and older adults, but only if the response modality is congruent in the test phase. 相似文献