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201.
In this study, asymmetries in finding pictorial 3-D targets defined by their tilt and rotation in space were investigated by means of a free-scan search task. In Experiment 1, feature search for cube tilt and rotation, as assessed by a spatial forced-choice task, was slow but still exhibited a characteristic “flat” slope; it was also much faster to upward-tilted cubes and to targets located in the upper half of the search field. Faster search times for cubes and rectangular solids in the upper field, an advantage for upward-tilted cubes, and a strong interaction between target tilt and direction of lighting (upward or downward) for the rectangular solids were all demonstrated in Experiment 2. Finally, an advantage in searching for tilted cubes located in the upper half of the display was shown in Experiment 3, which used a present-absent search task. The results of this study confirm that the upper-field bias in visual search is due mainly to a biased search mechanism and not to the features of the target stimulus or to specific ecological factors. 相似文献
202.
Fred Pine 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2001,82(5):901-916
In this paper, the proposition is developed that multi‐model thinking with respect both to theories of mind and to theories of technique has always been implicitly present in psychoanalytic practice as a response to the demands of the clinical moment. But this has gone unnoticed and untheorised, in part because it is hidden in general considerations regarding tact, timing and (less discussed) variations in voice tone and also because our psychoanalytic practices, without our awareness but as adaptations to the clinical moment, do not always match our theories. The author offers reasons from the broad culture of psychoanalysis why this is so. He also offers a conceptualisation and a strategy for raising the implicit and untheorised to heightened levels of awareness; he does this by highlighting the place of patient characteristics as the underpinning of theory variation and the place of a vast array of clinical possibilities as the backdrop of analytic listening. Clinical examples are used throughout. 相似文献
203.
Fred Wenstp 《Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis》2005,13(4):161-172
This paper discusses the paradigm of multi‐criteria decision analysis (MCDA), and relates it to other disciplines. It concludes that MCDA needs a larger, not smaller, emphasis on values and subjectivity to increase rationality in decision‐making. The paper bases the argument on a conciliation of ethics, philosophy, neuro‐psychology and management paradigms. It observes that the MCDA ‘mindset’ relates to consequentialism, as opposed to virtue ethics and rule based ethics. Virtues and rules play an important role in practical decision‐making, however. Findings in neuro‐psychology show that reliable decision‐making requires emotions. Elicitation of emotions is therefore required in MCDA value trade‐off processes. This leads to a concept of emotional rationality, which defines rationality as a four‐dimensional concept that includes well‐founded values and breaks radically with common notions of rationality. Virtues do not easily lend themselves to value trade‐off, but questions of virtue usually creates strong social emotions, as opposed to the feebler global emotions that may arise in connection conventional trade‐off of end values. The conclusion is that MCDA should not be shy of subjectivity and emotion, but instead put more emphasis on it to increase rationality. A part of this challenge is how to deal with questions of virtue in decision‐making. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
204.
Corinna S. Martarelli Fred W. Mast 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2011,29(3):425-436
We investigated eye‐movements during preschool children's pictorial recall of seen objects. Thirteen 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children completed a perceptual encoding and a pictorial recall task. First, they were exposed to 16 pictorial objects, which were positioned in one of four distinct areas on the computer screen. Subsequently, they had to recall these pictorial objects from memory in order to respond to specific questions about visual details. We found that children spent more time fixating the areas in which the pictorial objects were previously displayed. We conclude that as early as age 3–4 years old, children show specific eye‐movements when they recall pictorial contents of previously seen objects. 相似文献
205.
Irwin N. Sandler Stephen G. West Louise Baca David R. Pillow Joanne C. Gersten Fred Rogosch Lynn Virdin Janette Beals Kim D. Reynolds Carl Kallgren Jenn-Yun Tein Gary Kriege Eloise Cole Rafael Ramirez 《American journal of community psychology》1992,20(4):491-521
Conclusion We have illustrated how our small theory (Lipsey, 1990) of bereavement guided the development and evaluation of a preventive intervention for bereaved children. Our small theory, based on prior empirical research, enabled us to identify family processes that appeared to mediate the effects of parental death on child mental health. Our intervention was designed to attempt to change these processes. The evaluation of our experimental trial of the intervention assessed changes on these processes as well as the more distal mental health outcomes. The experimental trial showed some-what encouraging results, in terms of the program's ability to modify the warmth of the parent–child relationship and to decrease symptomatology in the adolescent children. We also obtained further empirical support for our underlying theoretical model. Finally, implications for redesign of the program were derived from assessing the adequacy of the program components to change each of the mediators in the theoretical model.Support for this research was provided by NIMH grant P5OMH39246 which is gratefully acknowledged. David R. Pillow is now at Western Psychiatric Institute, Pittsburgh; Fred Rogosch is at the University of Rochester; Janette Beals is now at University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Kim D. Reynolds is now at the University of Alabama, Birmingham; Carl Kallgren is now at the Pennsylvania State University, at Erie; and Rafael Ramirez is now at the University of Puerto Rico. 相似文献
206.
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208.
Fred Roach 《Counselling psychology quarterly》1992,5(3):277-290
An investigation into the provision of community mental health services in one local authority Borough found that facilities for the rehabilitation and resettlement of the recovering mentally ill into the community were very limited and fell far short of ofJicial recommendations and that very little consideration was given to meeting the needs of black and ethnic minorities. An analysis of data porn service providers (Local Authority/Social Services/Health Authority), multidisciplinary teams, voluntary agencies and 120 black and ethnic minorities (users and non-users of mental health services) in the Borough suggested that black and ethnic minorities had little or no say in decisions about the provision of community mental health services to the extent that they feLt excluded. In many instances service providers had limited contact with black and ethnic minorities and some members of the multidisciplinary team had little to do with black people but yet influenced major decisions about the provision of services to meet their needs. The findings drew sharp attention to the diference between the views of service providers and those of service users in terms of the provision of community mental health services to meet the needs of black and ethnic minorities. Ninety six percent of those involved in the study were appalled over the apparent lack of emphasis placed on the provision of services to meet the needs of black and ethnic minorities and felt that nothing was being done to improve the inadequate service which was offered ly the voluntary sector. 相似文献
209.
Steven H. Woodward Ph.D. Kent D. Drescher Ph.D. Ronald T. Murphy Ph.D. Joseph I. Ruzek Ph.D. David W. Foy Ph.D. Ned J. Arsenault B.A. Fred D. Gusman L.C.S.W. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1997,32(1):19-30
The objective of this study was to assess, via heart rate, the arousal levels of participants in group trauma reexposure therapy
for posttraumatic stress disorder, and so to better understand this common mode of treatment, particularly in regards to its
presumed curative factor, extinction. Six Vietnam combat-related PTSD inpatients participated twice weekly in group trauma
reexposure therapy during which their electrocardiograms were recorded. Heart rate was quantified continuously off-line. Heart
rates of participantsnot directly engaged in imaginal reexposure to their personal combat traumas consistently exhibited mild linear declines from
the beginnings to the ends of the approximately 2.5 hour sessions. Participants actively engaged in personal combat trauma
reexposure exhibited higher whole-session heart rates. Most also exhibited more specific elevation extending over the later
portions of therapy sessions during which intensive reexposure usually occurred. Surprisingly, no patients exhibitedfocal increases in heart rate concurrent with periods of most intensive traumatic incident review as judged from videotape. Administering
imaginal reexposure in a group context does not preclude substantial physiological (sympathetic) arousal, as is preconditional
for extinction. Under conditions in which the actively engaged reexposure patient is reliably identified, group trauma reexposure
therapy may not provide an opportunity for “vicarious” flooding in nonengaged participants. 相似文献
210.