Semantische Faktoren beim Behalten der Verneinung von Sätzen

Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß der Faktoren semantische Implikation und Belebtheit des Subjekts auf die Speicherung der Verneinungsformen Subjektverneinung (SV), Prädikatsverneinung (PV) und Objektverneinung (OV) untersucht. Die Analyse der Befunde ergab, daß die Verneinungsformen SV, PV und OV unterschiedlich gut gespeichert werden und die beiden Variablen semantische Implikation und Belebtheit des Subjekts die Speicherung dieser Negationsformen differentiell beeinflussen.

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Semantic factors in storing negated sentences

Summary The influence of the factors semantic implication and animateness of the subject of the sentence upon the recall of the different forms of negation: negation of the subject (SV), negation of the predicate (PV) and negation of the object (OV) was investigated. It was found that the forms of negation SV, PV and OV were differently recalled and that the two variables semantic implication and animateness of the subject showed a different effect on the recall of these three forms of negation.

     

Attraktivitätsänderung der Aufgabe nach Mißerfolg. Kognitive Dissonanztheorie versus Leistungsmotivationstheorie

Zusammenfassung Nach der kognitiven Dissonanztheorie steigt die Attraktivität einer Aufgabe nach Mißerfolg, wenn die Vp die Aufgabe zuvor selbst gewählt und nicht zugewiesen bekommen hatte. Nach der Leistungsmotivationstheorie ist die Attraktivitätsänderung abhängig von einer durch den Mißerfolg verursachten Verringerung der erlebten Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit in Wechselwirkung mit der Ausprägung des überdauernden Leistungsmotivs der Vp. Ändert sich die Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit in Richtung auf eine Höhe von 30–40%, so steigt die Attraktivität der Aufgabe für erfolgszuversichtlich motivierte Vpn und fällt ab für mißerfolgsängstlich motivierte Vpn.In einem 2×2-Versuchsplan wurde Wahl oder Zuweisung der Aufgabe mit vorwiegendem Erfolgsmotiv der Vp kombiniert. Aus einer selbsthergestellten Attraktivitätsrangfolge von 9 verschiedenen Aufgaben wählt die Vp zwischen der 5. und 6. Aufgabe eine zur Bearbeitung aus oder erhält eine der beiden fest zugewiesen. Nach Mißerfolg stellt die Vp eine erneute Attraktivitätsrangfolge der Aufgaben her.Die innerhalb und zwischen den vier Bedingungskombinationen erhaltenen Ergebnisse entsprechen zu einem größeren Teil der Leistungsmotivationstheorie als der Dissonanztheorie. In der Bedingungskombination, für die beide Theorien gegensätzliche Voraussagen machen (Wahl-Mißerfolgsmotivierte), fallen die Befunde zugunsten der Leistungsmotivationstheorie aus. Diese Theorie zeigt jedoch Schwächen in der Voraussage von Attraktivitätsänderungen unter Zuweisungsbedingungen. Die Dissonanztheorie versagt bei den Mißerfolgsmotivierten. Verbesserungen der Theoriebildung und der experimentellen Prüfung werden erörtert.

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Change in attractiveness of task after failure. Cognitive dissonance theory versus achievement motivation theory

Summary According to cognitive dissonance theory, the attractiveness of a task increases after failure only when the S has chosen the task but not when it is assigned to him. Achievement motivation theory, on the other hand, states that change in attractiveness depends on a reduction in perceived probability of success, caused by failure. In addition, probabilitiy of success also interacts with the dispositional characteristics of the S's achievement motive. If probability of success increases toward a value of 30–40 per cent, then the attractiveness of the task increases for hope of success Ss but decreases for fear of failure Ss.Choice or assignment of task was combined with predominantely hope of success or fear of failure Ss in a 2×2 experimental design. The S first ranked nine different tasks in their order of attractiveness. While some Ss could further choose to work on either the fifth or sixth ranking task, other Ss were assigned either one of these tasks. A second ranking of attractiveness was obtained after a failure experience.The results, both within and between the four experimental conditions, support mainly the predictions of achievement motivation theory rather than cognitive dissonance theory. In the condition in which opposing predictions can be derived from the two theories (i.e., when choice is offered to fear of failure Ss), the results clearly favor achievement motivation theory. However, this theory is less adequate in predicting changes in task attractiveness under task assignment conditions. Dissonance theory appears to be unable to predict the behavior of the fear of failure Ss. Implications for changes in the theories and further empirial tests are discussed.

     

Clinical pastoral education and social structures

Since the contemporary church no longer reflects the simple and clear attitudes to social structure evident in the creeds and confessions, is it possible for clinical pastoral education (CPE) and the insights and understandings it represents to contribute to the quest for new structures? In the areas of motivation, power, confrontation, and conflict management, the possibility for contribution seems real. At the same time, CPE must take social structures more seriously and broaden its understanding of the minister's role.     

Comparisons of children of depressed and nondepressed parents: A social-environmental perspective

Several lines of evidence indicate that a parent's depression may be a significant health and adaptational risk factor for his or her children. In a controlled comparison, children of 133 depressed parents had significantly more symptoms of emotional, somatic, and behavioral impairment than did children of 135 nondepressed parents. Additional results suggest that the more negative milieu found among families of depressed parents was a mediator of the effects of parental depression. A social-environmental perspective helped to identify aspects of parents' functioning, family stressors, and resources that were related to children's health. Variations in these stressors and resources were strongly related to the probability of disturbance among children of depressed parents.We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Sarah Buxton, Marlene Koltin, Ruth Lederman, Roger Mitchell, and Deborah Shields in data collection and of Dani Lawler in data collection and analysis. We thank Susan Spinrad for her help in preparing this article. This work was supported in part by Veterans Administration Medical Research funds and NIAAA Grant AA02863.     

The use of self-efficacy scaling in training student clinicians: Implications for working with stutterers

A scaling technique developed by Bandura for determining an individual's personal performance expectations (self efficacy) was applied to student clinicians working with stutterers. The self-efficacy scores of clinicians conducting treatment increased significantly while the scores of clinicians without treatment experience showed no significant change. As the student clinicians gained clinical experience there appeared to be a corresponding reduction in fear and avoidance of the treatment situation. Clinician fear concerning stuttering treatment appeared to have little relation to performance in treatment as rated by supervisors. The results indicate that self-efficacy scaling may be used to indicate clinician avoidance of working with stuttering clients.     

Hemispheric alpha asymmetries of words with positive, negative, and neutral arousal values preceding tasks of recall and recognition: Electrophysiological and behavioral results from stuttering males and nonstuttering males and females

Hemispheric alpha asymmetries were obtained for stuttering males and nonstuttering males and females for words of positive, negative, and neutral arousal values. Electroencephalographic data were gathered during the presentations of stimulus words and during the actual nonoral recall and recognition of the stimulus items. Stuttering males demonstrated right-hemispheric alpha suppression across stimulus words and tasks as contrasted with left-hemispheric alpha suppression for the nonstuttering males and females. Stuttering males were also shown to recall and recognize fewer words than the nonstuttering subjects across arousal categories. Subjects were also administered a modified version of A. Paivio's (1971, In B. Randhawa & W. Coffman, Eds., Visual thinking, learning, and communication, New York: Academic Press) Individual Differences Questionnaire (IDQ). Results showed our stuttering males to have obtained lower scores on the verbal and imagery questions of the IDQ as compared to the nonstuttering groups. Hemispheric alpha asymmetry results and memory performance from the stuttering males are discussed relative to nonsegmental, right-hemispheric processing strategies.     

The prophetic role in pastoral care

The Author argues that learnings in Clinical Pastoral Education may clarify the prophetic function of ministry and minimize the perenniel conflict between the prophetic and the priestly. He describes solidarity and confrontation in counseling and amplifies their meaning as regards the traditional functions of the prophet.     

An investigation of the use of nocturnal dream reports as diagnostic indices in the assessment of family problem solving

This study investigated the use of series of nocturnal dream reports to diagnose patterns of family functioning. Five families (twenty one subjects) collected a total of 126 dreams. A Treatment Group consisted of two families undergoing family therapy whilst a Non-Treatment Group, comprising three families, was drawn from a population ranging from severely disturbed to superior family functioning. The manifest content of the dreams was analysed, qualitatively and quantitatively. The presenting problem, case history, therapeutic processes and outcome were unknown to the dream researcher. The family therapist was blind to the dream content and dream analysis. Each family was independently rated by the therapist and the dream researcher. The agreement between the two assessments was highly significant. In addition, the problem areas, family transactions and treatment outcome were correctly identified by the dream researcher. It was concluded that analyses of dream series reflect the problem areas encountered by a family system. Implications for therapeutic strategies are discussed.