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21.
22.
G Huber 《Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie》1990,42(1):11-24
The question if there are "symptomatic schizophrenias" has been discussed since the 20s. Schizophrenic psychoses caused be definable and well known brain diseases are presented. All schizophrenic symptoms and syndromes, the first rank symptoms (K. Schneider) too, occur in somatically founded psychoses. The group of paroxysmal transition syndromes in the sense of aura prolongata (continua) and the episodic schizophrenic psychoses in psychomotor epilepsy may be a model for the schizophrenia research. Vital threatening, so-called pernicious catatonic schizophrenias are found on the basis of infectious brain diseases, sometimes only diagnosed in autopsy. Beside acute and reversible symptomatic schizophrenic psychoses there are, even if rarely, recurrent and chronic courses of symptomatic schizophrenias. That certain conditions for the developing of symptomatic schizophrenias are rarely realised, could be an explanation for their rarity. Some findings indicate that the limbic system is significant for symptomatic (and idiopathic) schizophrenic psychoses and the pre- and postpsychotic basic stages determined by dynamic and cognitive basic symptoms, which are phenomenologically very similar to aura symptoms released by stereoelectroencephalographic depth recordings (Wieser). The characteristic features of marked fluctuation, discontinuity and insteadiness of the cognitive thought, perception, psychomotor and cenesthetic phenomena do not speak against an organic brain disorder provided that the traditional process hypothesis is abandoned in favor of a neurobiochemic disorder, fluctuating on its part depending on endogenous as well as psychic-reactive factors. 相似文献
23.
Franz von Benda-Beckmann 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1994,7(3):55-67
This article examines the ways in which the linkage between good governance and economic development has originally developed
as alegal discussion constrained by the constitution of the World Bank. This normative character of the linkage has subsequently shaped
discussions about good governance. It is here argued that this tends to lead these discussions to focus on selective and normative
aspects of the interrelations between economic, political and legal-administrative structures and institutions. While the
role of law is increasingly acknowledged in more recent debates and policy statements, law tends to be approached from a normative
economic or legal perspective that does not provide much insight into the social significance of law. Too little attention
is given to anthropological or sociological approaches to legal pluralism in society. These factors combine to detract attention
from the fact that governance issues in reality deal withbad rather than with good governance.
Franz von Benda-Beckmann is professor in the department of Agrarian Law of the Agricultural University Wageningen and teaches
on law and rural development in Third World states and anthropology of law. He holds a doctorate in law and aHabilitation in anthropology. His primary research interests are issues of property rights and social security in rural development, legal
pluralism and legal anthropological theory.
This is a revised version of a paper presented in the 1993 RAWOO (Advisory Council for Scientific Research in Development
Problems) lecture series. 相似文献
24.
One of the fundamental issues in the study of animal cognition concerns categorization. Although domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are on the brink to become one of the model animals in animal psychology, their categorization abilities are unknown. This
is probably largely due to the absence of an adequate method for testing dogs’ ability to discriminate between large sets
of pictures in the absence of human cueing. Here we present a computer-automated touch-screen testing procedure, which enabled
us to test visual discrimination in dogs while social cueing was ruled out. Using a simultaneous discrimination procedure,
we first trained dogs (N = 4) to differentiate between a set of dog pictures (N = 40) and an equally large set of landscape pictures. All subjects learned to discriminate between the two sets and showed
successful transfer to novel pictures. Interestingly, presentation of pictures providing contradictive information (novel
dog pictures mounted on familiar landscape pictures) did not disrupt performance, which suggests that the dogs made use of
a category-based response rule with classification being coupled to category-relevant features (of the dog) rather than to
item-specific features (of the background). We conclude that dogs are able to classify photographs of natural stimuli by means
of a perceptual response rule using a newly established touch-screen procedure.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
25.
Huber DE Shiffrin RM Lyle KB Quach R 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2002,28(6):1120-1136
D. E. Huber, R. M. Shiffrin, K. B. Lyle, and K. I. Ruys (2001) tested two-alternative, forced-choice (2-AFC) perceptual identification in a short-term priming task. For repetition priming, passive viewing of primes resulted in a preference to choose repeated words, but actively responding to primes resulted in a preference against choosing repeated words. These results were explained with a computational model, responding optimally with unknown sources of evidence (ROUSE), using the offsetting mechanisms of source confusion and discounting. An analysis of ROUSE revealed conditions under which discounting efficacy should diminish, causing a preference for primed words even with active prime processing. Two new studies confirm 2 such conditions: very short target flash durations and very low similarity between primes and primed choice words. These a priori predictions contrast with the a posteriori data fits of a multinomial model developed by R. Ratcliff and G. McKoon (2001). 相似文献
26.
Grasping visual illusions: no evidence for a dissociation between perception and action 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Neuropsychological studies prompted the theory that the primate visual system might be organized into two parallel pathways, one for conscious perception and one for guiding action. Supporting evidence in healthy subjects seemed to come from a dissociation in visual illusions: In previous studies, the Ebbinghaus (or Titchener) illusion deceived perceptual judgments of size, but only marginally influenced the size estimates used in grasping. Contrary to those results, the findings from the present study show that there is no difference in the sizes of the perceptual and grasp illusions if the perceptual and grasping tasks are appropriately matched. We show that the differences found previously can be accounted for by a hitherto unknown, nonadditive effect in the illusion. We conclude that the illusion does not provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pathways for perception and action in the visual system. 相似文献
27.
The Two-Envelope Paradox: An Axiomatic Approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
28.
Phonological theories have raised the notion of a universally preferred syllable type which is defined in terms of its sonority structure (e.g., ). Empirical evidence for this notion has been provided by distributional analyses of natural languages and of language acquisition data, and by aphasic speech error analyses. The present study investigates frequency distributions of syllable types in German, which allows for a rather complex syllable structure, and in neologistic utterances of a German speaking jargon aphasic. The findings suggest that the sonority structure of the patient's neologisms is generally in accordance with the notion of theoretically preferred syllables. Moreover, comparative analyses suggest that the predominance of the preferred syllable type is especially pronounced in the aphasic data. On the basis of these findings, the influence of sonority in impaired phonological lexical processing is discussed. 相似文献
29.
Prof. Dr. M. Franz H. Balló C. Heckrath C. Schneider N. Schmitz M. Löwer-Hirsch B. West-Leuer M. Hirsch J. Ott 《Psychotherapeut》2005,50(5):318-327
Background
11 out of 35 male employees of a central alert team with rescue coordination function developed a tinnitus disorder. This clinical case-study highlights the psychodynamic background of this accumulation.Methods
Employees were investigated by psychometric questionnaires and semistructured psychodynamic biografical interviews. Additionally aspects of group dynamics and organisational structure were assessed.Results
All staff members reported adverse work conditions. Medical and psychometric examination of the tinnitus patients did not reveal severe pathological findings. The interviews identified psychodynamic conflicts dealing with autonomy and regulation of self-esteem. All tinnitus patients reported a very adverse or punitive father relation and difficulties in performing a stabile male role and self-image. Group dynamics was dominated by paranoid and regressive tendencies complicated by maladaptive coping, crude perception of external facts and a pronounced experience of aggressive impulses.Conclusion
The remobilisation of infantile powerlessness, ineffectiveness and helplessness triggered by adverse work conditions and the introduction of a new culture of personal responsibility within the work organisation together with an impaired coping of separation conflicts enforced by traumatic aspects of the relation with the father may have promoted the tinnitus symptomatology. Additionally, due to the missing awareness of the importance of such group dynamical processes the employers contributed to an increasing psychosocial distress, which promoted the accumulated manifestation of tinnitus as a conflict expressive symptom. 相似文献30.
The aim of the present study was to determine whether processing of syntactic word information (lemma) is subserved by the same neural substrate as processing of conceptual or word form information (lexeme). We measured BOLD responses in 14 native speakers of German in three different decision tasks, each focussing specifically on one level of lexical processing (conceptual, syntactic, and morpho-phonological). The test parameters were natural gender, grammatical gender, and word form derivation, respectively. Discrimination between words played backwards and complex sounds served as control task. Complex contrasts revealed a functional fractionation of the left inferior frontal gyrus for each level of lexical processing. 相似文献