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61.
Animals are often assumed to use highly conspicuous features of a goal to head directly to that goal (‘beaconing’). In the field it is generally assumed that flowers serve as beacons to guide pollinators. Artificial hummingbird feeders are coloured red to serve a similar function. However, anecdotal reports suggest that hummingbirds return to feeder locations in the absence of the feeder (and thus the beacon). Here we test these reports for the first time in the field, using the natural territories of hummingbirds and manipulating flowers on a scale that is ecologically relevant to the birds. We compared the predictions from two distinct hypotheses as to how hummingbirds might use the visual features of rewards: the distant beacon hypothesis and the local cue hypothesis. In two field experiments, we found no evidence that rufous hummingbirds used a distant visual beacon to guide them to a rewarded location. In no case did birds abandon their approach to the goal location from a distance; rather they demonstrated remarkable accuracy of navigation by approaching to within about 70 cm of a rewarded flower’s original location. Proximity varied depending on the size of the training flower: birds flew closer to a previously rewarded location if it had been previously signalled with a small beacon. Additionally, when provided with a beacon at a new location, birds did not fly directly to the new beacon. Taken together, we believe these data demonstrate that these hummingbirds depend little on visual characteristics to beacon to rewarded locations, but rather that they encode surrounding landmarks in order to reach the goal and then use the visual features of the goal as confirmation that they have arrived at the correct location. 相似文献
62.
Franz EA Sebastian A Hust C Norris T 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(2):398-412
A psychological refractory period (PRP) approach and the locus of slack logic were applied to examine the novel question of whether spatial translation processes can begin before the central bottleneck when effector or noneffector stimuli are processed from an egocentric (viewer-centered) perspective. In single tasks, trials requiring spatial translations were considerably slower than trials without translations (Experiment 1). Dual tasks consisted of tone discriminations (Task 1) and spatial translations (Task 2) using PRP methods with different manipulations on perceptual and response demands. When a viewer-centered perspective was used, the effect of spatial translation was reduced at short compared with long stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) when the potential for code overlap between tasks was removed (Experiments 2, 3, and 4); this finding supports the view that translation processes can begin before the central bottleneck. When an allocentric (non-viewer-centered) perspective was used (Experiment 5), the slowing associated with spatial translation was additive with SOA, suggesting that the processes of spatial translation cannot begin before the bottleneck. These findings highlight the importance of viewer perspective on central bottleneck requirements. Findings are further discussed in relation to the dorsal-ventral model of action and perception. 相似文献
63.
64.
Many studies have shown that listeners can segment words from running speech based on conditional probabilities of syllable transitions, suggesting that this statistical learning could be a foundational component of language learning. However, few studies have shown a direct link between statistical segmentation and word learning. We examined this possible link in adults by following a statistical segmentation exposure phase with an artificial lexicon learning phase. Participants were able to learn all novel object-label pairings, but pairings were learned faster when labels contained high probability (word-like) or non-occurring syllable transitions from the statistical segmentation phase than when they contained low probability (boundary-straddling) syllable transitions. This suggests that, for adults, labels inconsistent with expectations based on statistical learning are harder to learn than consistent or neutral labels. In contrast, a previous study found that infants learn consistent labels, but not inconsistent or neutral labels. 相似文献
65.
Today, internet-based technologies are used at all levels of psychosocial services. Current psychotherapeutic applications concentrate on the implementation of traditional approaches in the internet. Self-help programs are posted onto the net, therapies are conducted via e-mail and groups meet in virtual chat rooms. If one looks at the development of the web over the last 2 years, it becomes clear that the substantial growth and popularity of this medium is due to internet platforms where contents and knowledge can be developed in collaborative environments and experiences can be shared with other users. The present paper addresses this development. On the basis of our example it is discussed how collaborative elements can be integrated into a psychotherapeutic application. 相似文献
66.
While bimanual interference effects can be observed when symbolic cues indicate the parameter values of simultaneous reaching
movements, these effects disappear under conditions in which the target locations of two movements are cued directly. The
present study investigates the generalizability of these target-location cuing benefits to conditions in which symbolic cues
are used to indicate target locations (i.e., the end points of bimanual movements). Participants were asked to move to two
of four possible target locations, being located either at the same and different distances (Experiment 1), or in the same
and different directions (Experiment 2). Circles and crosses served as symbolic target-location cues and were arranged in
a symmetric or non-symmetric fashion over the four target locations. Each trial was preceded by a variable precuing interval.
Results revealed faster initiation times for equivalent as compared to non-equivalent target locations (same vs. different
cues). Moreover, the time course of prepartion suggests that this effect is in fact due to target-equivalence and not to cue-similarity.
Bimanual interference relative to movement parameter values was not observed. These findings suggest that cuing target locations
can dominate potential intermanual interference effects during the concurrent programming of different movement parameter
values. 相似文献
67.
68.
Prof. Dr. Matthias Franz Lonja Weihrauch Tanja Buddenberg Ralf Schäfer 《Psychotherapeut》2009,54(5):357-369
Background
Single mothers and their children are exposed to increased psychosocial burdens and risks. Nevertheless, in Germany offers of help especially designed for the needs of this group are lacking.Method
An emotion-oriented parental training program (PALME, http://www.palme-elterntraining.de) based on the attachment theory was developed particularly for single mothers with preschool children. The training is guided by trained kindergarten nurses. The effectiveness of the parental training program on the measure of maternal psychological impairment, emotional competence and child problem behavior was investigated within a randomized, controlled study with 61 single mothers suffering from medium grade psychosocial impairment.Results
Analyses of variance revealed significant group×time interaction effects in favor of the intervention group compared to controls. After the training the mothers showed improvement in their psychological impairment, depression and emotional competence. In addition, evidence suggests that behavioral problems of the children were reduced.Conclusion
In view of the benefits of this parental training and its low costs it should be recommended as a regular offer of support for single mothers within community settings. 相似文献69.
G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social,behavioral, and biomedical sciences 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
G*Power (Erdfelder, Faul, & Buchner, 1996) was designed as a general stand-alone power analysis program for statistical tests
commonly used in social and behavioral research. G*Power 3 is a major extension of, and improvement over, the previous versions.
It runs on widely used computer platforms (i.e., Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Mac OS X 10.4) and covers many different statistical
tests of thet, F, and χ2 test families. In addition, it includes power analyses forz tests and some exact tests. G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based
and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested. Like its predecessors,
G*Power 3 is free. 相似文献
70.