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Spatial Coupling in the Coordination of Complex Actions 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Elizabeth A. Franz 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1997,50(3):684-704
The majority of investigations on coordinated action have focused on temporal constraints in movements. Recent studies have demonstrated spatial constraints when the hands produce different trajectory shapes simultaneously. The focus of the current study was to determine whether spatial coupling occurs in individual parameters of the actions, or whether the shapes per se undergo accommodation. Subjects were tested on a bimanual paradigm to investigate the nature of spatial constraints in complex tasks. Shape and size of the required trajectories were varied for the two limbs. When trajectories that require different shapes were assigned to the two hands,disruption in the spatial characteristics of the trajectories was observed. Disruption in the global patterns of the trajectories could be described on the basis of coupling in individual parameters of action, direction, and amplitude, which could be inferred by decomposing the trajectories into orthogonal components. Amplitude accommodation in these orthogonal components of motion increased linearly with the difference in required amplitude for the two limbs. Interpretations of these effects suggest that directional coupling is a result of interference between two different response plans, whereas amplitude coupling may be related to either planning or execution variables. These results strongly suggest the need for further investigation of the spatial domain of complex coordinated action. 相似文献
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How does invention depend on personality? Do inventors differ from noninventors? This study investigated the personal factors influencing a sample of independent inventors in Germany (N = 69). Standardized psychological questionnaires were employed to assess the Big Five personality dimensions, willingness to take risks, self-concept, and self-efficacy. For a comparison with noninventors, scores from reference samples were taken. Hypotheses were formulated based on research into creativity and entrepreneurship and the normative DABEI Stage Model of invention. As expected, the independent inventors showed higher levels of extraversion and openness to experience. In addition, independent inventors stood out in terms of emotional stability (low neuroticism scores). Surprisingly, in this sample success as an inventor correlated negatively with openness to experience. The interpretation is along the lines that inventors may work in a focused manner and technical implementation of an innovative idea may be optimized with great persistence. Discussion centers around the generalizability of the results. 相似文献
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Using a dynamical systems perspective on motor behavior, it was predicted that interlimb coordination of running and galloping would behave like coupled, nonlinear, limit-cycle oscillators, which show the properties of phase locking, entrainment, and structural stability. Female subjects ranging in age from 2.5 years to adult were filmed while running and galloping with and without a weight perturbation. Analysis of both temporal- and amplitude-phasing measures revealed that both gaits demonstrated oscillatory properties. Differences between gaits and across age were primarily a matter of degree. In general, children 4 years of age and below had slightly less stable phasing patterns, and all age groups showed slightly less stability in the gallop, particularly with amplitude phasing. 相似文献
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In a computer simulation study, random samples from a uniform density were substituted for each of two independent samples from normal and various nonnormal densities. This procedure was compared with conventional ranking and with Bell and Doksum's (1965) procedure, which substituted random normal deviates for initial sample values. After performing the Student t test, the program transformed the initial scores and performed additional t tests on ranks, random uniform scores, and random normal scores. For several distributions, the test on random normal scores was more powerful than the others, consistent with known asymptotic results. The probabilities of Type I and Type II errors of the test on random uniform scores were nearly the same as those of the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test, for all distributions examined. 相似文献