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61.
The developmental course in the distance–speed–time domain is still a matter of debate. Traditional stage models are contested by theories of continuous development and adaptive thinking. In the present work, we introduce a formal framework for modelling the developmental course in this domain, grounding on Competence-based Knowledge Space Theory. This framework, as a more general case, widely includes assumptions and facets of previous models and covers empirical findings collected based on different experimental paradigms. By a distinction of latent competences and observable performance, model validation is not bound to a certain experimental paradigm and no one-to-one correspondence between competences and tasks is required. Therefore, the framework has the potential to bridge the gap between stage models and models of continuous development. The approach also precisely defines misconceptions, for example overgeneralization, and empirically investigates their occurrence. In the present work, we established a prototypical model for the development of understanding the distance–speed–time system. We extended this model with definitions based on different perspectives of overgeneralization. The assumptions of the model and its extensions were examined on the basis of the results of two empirical investigations using six judgment task types. The results yielded a reasonably good fit of model and data. No evidence was found for the occurrence of overgeneralization in this domain. The theoretical model and empirical results are discussed with respect to their relationship to other developmental models and theories. 相似文献
62.
Rödel HG Starkloff A Bruchner B von Holst D 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2008,122(1):73-83
The authors investigated in an observational study the consequences of the presence of litter sisters on the social interactions and on reproductive performance of young female European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from a population living under seminatural conditions. In early winter, when all young females were settled in a social group, they were characterized by the presence or absence of litter sisters in their groups. Females with litter sisters in their groups displayed significantly more positive social interaction with females of their social group compared to females without sisters, whereas this difference was mainly due to the high frequency of positive social interactions among the respective sisters. Such differences between the females of both categories were already apparent during the animals' juvenile phase, before the females integrated into a particular group: females which later had litter sisters in their group showed more positive social behavior than females which later no longer had litter sisters. During their first breeding season, females with litter sisters present generally started to breed earlier by an average of 14 days. A more favorable social environment might have possibly facilitated the earlier onset of breeding in females with present litter sisters by attenuating the negative consequences of stress. 相似文献
63.
Today, internet-based technologies are used at all levels of psychosocial services. Current psychotherapeutic applications concentrate on the implementation of traditional approaches in the internet. Self-help programs are posted onto the net, therapies are conducted via e-mail and groups meet in virtual chat rooms. If one looks at the development of the web over the last 2 years, it becomes clear that the substantial growth and popularity of this medium is due to internet platforms where contents and knowledge can be developed in collaborative environments and experiences can be shared with other users. The present paper addresses this development. On the basis of our example it is discussed how collaborative elements can be integrated into a psychotherapeutic application. 相似文献
64.
While bimanual interference effects can be observed when symbolic cues indicate the parameter values of simultaneous reaching
movements, these effects disappear under conditions in which the target locations of two movements are cued directly. The
present study investigates the generalizability of these target-location cuing benefits to conditions in which symbolic cues
are used to indicate target locations (i.e., the end points of bimanual movements). Participants were asked to move to two
of four possible target locations, being located either at the same and different distances (Experiment 1), or in the same
and different directions (Experiment 2). Circles and crosses served as symbolic target-location cues and were arranged in
a symmetric or non-symmetric fashion over the four target locations. Each trial was preceded by a variable precuing interval.
Results revealed faster initiation times for equivalent as compared to non-equivalent target locations (same vs. different
cues). Moreover, the time course of prepartion suggests that this effect is in fact due to target-equivalence and not to cue-similarity.
Bimanual interference relative to movement parameter values was not observed. These findings suggest that cuing target locations
can dominate potential intermanual interference effects during the concurrent programming of different movement parameter
values. 相似文献
65.
66.
Prof. Dr. Matthias Franz Lonja Weihrauch Tanja Buddenberg Ralf Schäfer 《Psychotherapeut》2009,54(5):357-369
Background
Single mothers and their children are exposed to increased psychosocial burdens and risks. Nevertheless, in Germany offers of help especially designed for the needs of this group are lacking.Method
An emotion-oriented parental training program (PALME, http://www.palme-elterntraining.de) based on the attachment theory was developed particularly for single mothers with preschool children. The training is guided by trained kindergarten nurses. The effectiveness of the parental training program on the measure of maternal psychological impairment, emotional competence and child problem behavior was investigated within a randomized, controlled study with 61 single mothers suffering from medium grade psychosocial impairment.Results
Analyses of variance revealed significant group×time interaction effects in favor of the intervention group compared to controls. After the training the mothers showed improvement in their psychological impairment, depression and emotional competence. In addition, evidence suggests that behavioral problems of the children were reduced.Conclusion
In view of the benefits of this parental training and its low costs it should be recommended as a regular offer of support for single mothers within community settings. 相似文献67.
Dr. Dietrich Haubenberger 《Psychopraxis》2009,12(5):28-32
Mit einer Pr?valenz von bis zu 5,6 Prozent in der Bev?lkerung stellt der Essentielle Tremor (ET) eine der h?ufigsten Bewegungsst?rungen
in der Neurologie dar. Wenngleich ET weiterhin als „gutartiger famili?rer Tremor“ bezeichnet wird, zeigen rezente Studien
über tremor-assoziierte Symptome wie cerebell?re, kognitive oder psychiatrische Auff?lligkeiten ebenso wie die Beobachtung
von signifikanten Beeintr?chtigungen bei Aktivit?ten des t?glichen Lebens bei bis zu 75 Prozent der ET-Patienten, dass das
Attribut „gutartig“ bei ET zunehmend in Frage gestellt werden sollte. In den letzten Jahren wurde auch gezeigt, dass ET mit
charakteristischen neuropathologischen Ver?nderungen einhergeht, die vorwiegend das Cerebellum, mit einem Verlust an Purkinje-Zellen
sowie axonalen Schwellungen („Torpedo-Zellen“), betreffen. Diese Beobachtungen sowie die Ergebnisse aus gro? angelegten epidemiologischen
Studien über die famili?re H?ufung von ET und der Parkinson-Erkrankung geben Anlass zur Diskussion über einen potentiellen
neurodegenerativen Prozess als pathophysiologisches Korrelat von ET. Die erste genomweite Assoziationsstudie bei ET identifizierte
eine mit ET assoziierte genetische Variante im LINGO1-Gen, dessen Protein für axonale Integrit?t relevant ist und im zentralen
Nervensystem exprimiert wird. Propranolol und Primodin sind weiterhin die erste Therapieempfehlung. Mit Topiramat steht nun
eine dritte Substanz zur Verfügung, die sich als eindeutig effektiv in der ET-Behandlung erwiesen hat. 相似文献
68.
G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social,behavioral, and biomedical sciences 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
G*Power (Erdfelder, Faul, & Buchner, 1996) was designed as a general stand-alone power analysis program for statistical tests
commonly used in social and behavioral research. G*Power 3 is a major extension of, and improvement over, the previous versions.
It runs on widely used computer platforms (i.e., Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Mac OS X 10.4) and covers many different statistical
tests of thet, F, and χ2 test families. In addition, it includes power analyses forz tests and some exact tests. G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based
and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested. Like its predecessors,
G*Power 3 is free. 相似文献
69.
70.