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171.
Mitchell J. Prinstein Nicole Heilbron John D. Guerry Joseph C. Franklin Diana Rancourt Valerie Simon Anthony Spirito 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(5):669-682
Research suggests that adolescents’ engagement in nonsuicidal self-injurious (NSSI) behaviors may be increasing over time,
yet little is known regarding distal longitudinal factors that may promote engagement in these behaviors. Data from two longitudinal
studies are presented to examine whether NSSI may be associated with peer influence processes. Study 1 included 377 adolescents
from a community-based sample; Study 2 included 140 clinically-referred adolescents recruited from a psychiatric inpatient
facility. In Study 1, adolescents’ NSSI was examined at baseline and one year later. Adolescents’ nominated best friend reported
their own levels of NSSI. In Study 2, adolescents’ NSSI was examined at baseline as well as 9 and 18-months post-baseline.
Adolescents’ perceptions of their friends’ engagement in self-injurious behavior (including suicidality) and depressed mood
also were examined at all three time points. Baseline depressive symptoms were measured in both studies; gender and age were
examined as moderators of peer influence effects. Results from both studies supported longitudinal peer socialization effects
of friends’ self-injurious behavior on adolescents’ own NSSI for girls, but not for boys, even after controlling for depressive
symptoms as a predictor. Study 1 suggested socialization effects mostly for younger youth. Results from Study 2 also suggested
longitudinal socialization effects, as well as peer selection effects; adolescents’ NSSI was associated with increasing perceptions
of their friends’ engagement in depressive/self-injurious thoughts and behavior. Findings contribute to the nascent literature
on longitudinal predictors of NSSI and to work on peer influence. 相似文献
172.
Michael G. Wheaton Noah C. Berman Joseph C. Franklin Jonathan S. Abramowitz 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(4):565-574
Although currently classified as a somatoform disorder, cognitive-behavioral models conceptualize hypochondriasis (HC) as
a severe form of health anxiety. The Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI) is a measure derived from this conceptualization
that measures health anxiety symptoms across the range of severity. Previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding
this measure’s factor structure, but these studies employed factor analytic tools that did not account for the categorical
nature of SHAI items. The present psychometric study was designed to address these inconsistencies using categorical factor
analysis. Using data from a large student sample we found that the SHAI had two factors: Illness Likelihood and Illness Severity. We also examined the relationship between these domains and cognitive variables associated with other anxiety disorders.
Results suggested that the psychological processes present in obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic disorder are also associated
with health anxiety. Implications for the conceptualization and classification of severe health anxiety are discussed. 相似文献
173.
Adult colour preference has been summarized quantitatively in terms of weights on the two fundamental neural processes that underlie early colour encoding: the S−(L+M) (‘blue–yellow’) and L−M (‘red–green’) cone‐opponent contrast channels ( Ling, Hurlbert & Robinson, 2006 ; Hurlbert & Ling, 2007 ). Here, we investigate whether colour preference in 4–5‐month‐olds may be analysed in the same way. We recorded infants’ eye‐movements in response to pairwise presentations of eight colour stimuli varying only in hue. Infants looked longest at reddish and shortest at greenish hues. Analyses revealed that the L−M and S−(L+M) contrast between stimulus colour and background explained around half of the variation in infant preference across the hue spectrum. Unlike adult colour preference patterns, there was no evidence for sex differences in the weights on either of the cone‐opponent contrast components. The findings provide a quantitative model of infant colour preference that summarizes variation in infant preference across hues. 相似文献
174.
Kimberly J. Nylen Tracy E. Moran Christina L. Franklin Michael W. O'hara 《Infant mental health journal》2006,27(4):327-343
The negative impact of postpartum depression on the mother‐infant relationship and infant development more generally has been well documented. Compared to infants of nondepressed mothers, infants of depressed mothers have been shown to be less securely attached to their caregivers and often have cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficits that persist well into childhood. Recent evidence has suggested that reduction of maternal depressive symptoms may itself not be sufficient to prevent negative effects on children. Rather, treatments that target the mother‐infant relationship may have great potential in providing a buffer against the potentially damaging effects of postpartum depression. Based on our review of several treatment‐outcome studies, we conclude that mother‐infant psychotherapies and home‐based interventions are generally efficacious in their goal of ameliorating detrimental consequences for children of depressed mothers. Nonetheless, the field must continue to investigate the extent to which treatment gains are maintained over time and the mechanisms by which protective effects occur. It is likely that the most efficacious treatment approaches will be those that address the needs of the mother, the infant, and their relationship. 相似文献
175.
Yong-Qi Cong Caroline Junge Evin Aktar Maartje Raijmakers Anna Franklin Disa Sauter 《Cognition & emotion》2019,33(3):391-403
Adults perceive emotional expressions categorically, with discrimination being faster and more accurate between expressions from different emotion categories (i.e. blends with two different predominant emotions) than between two stimuli from the same category (i.e. blends with the same predominant emotion). The current study sought to test whether facial expressions of happiness and fear are perceived categorically by pre-verbal infants, using a new stimulus set that was shown to yield categorical perception in adult observers (Experiments 1 and 2). These stimuli were then used with 7-month-old infants (N = 34) using a habituation and visual preference paradigm (Experiment 3). Infants were first habituated to an expression of one emotion, then presented with the same expression paired with a novel expression either from the same emotion category or from a different emotion category. After habituation to fear, infants displayed a novelty preference for pairs of between-category expressions, but not within-category ones, showing categorical perception. However, infants showed no novelty preference when they were habituated to happiness. Our findings provide evidence for categorical perception of emotional expressions in pre-verbal infants, while the asymmetrical effect challenges the notion of a bias towards negative information in this age group. 相似文献
176.
Flessner CA Conelea CA Woods DW Franklin ME Keuthen NJ Cashin SE 《Behaviour research and therapy》2008,46(3):345-357
Previous research has examined possible phenomenological differences between “focused” (i.e., with a compulsive quality) and “automatic” (i.e., with decreased awareness) pulling associated with trichotillomania (TTM), but these constructs have not been assessed using psychometrically sound measures. In the current study, differences in TTM severity, phenomenology, comorbid psychiatric symptoms, and functional impact were examined across individuals with varying combinations of “focused” and “automatic” pulling styles. Participants aged 18 and older were recruited via an internet-based survey. Those meeting inclusion criteria and completing the Milwaukee Inventory for Subtypes of Trichotillomania-Adult Version (MIST-A; n=1545) were classified as either high- or low-focused and either high- or low-automatic based on scores obtained from the focused and automatic scales of the MIST-A using a median split procedure. Results showed some significant differences between pulling styles. For example, “high-automatic” pullers reported more severe TTM and greater stress than “low-automatic” pullers, and “high-focused” pullers reported more severe TTM, greater stress and depression, and greater functional impact than “low-focused” pullers. Subsequent analyses suggest that, in comparison to individuals experiencing low levels of both automatic and focused pulling, those experiencing high levels of each pulling style reported greater severity, psychological impact, and functional impact. Clinical and research implications, study limitations, and future areas of research are discussed. 相似文献
177.
Flessner CA Woods DW Franklin ME Keuthen NJ Piacentini J;Trichotillomania Learning Center-Scientific Advisory Board TLC-SAB 《Behaviour research and therapy》2008,46(9):1055-1061
To date, no studies have examined possible phenomenological differences between the automatic and focused styles of pulling in youths with TTM. The aims of the current study were to examine differences in TTM severity, phenomenology, comorbid psychiatric symptoms, and functional impact across youths with varying degrees of these pulling styles. Youths between the ages of 10 and 17 years (and their parent) were recruited via an Internet-based survey. A total of 186 youths with chronic hair pulling was classified as “high-focused” or “low-focused” and either “high-automatic” or “low-automatic” based upon scores obtained on the Milwaukee Inventory for Styles of Trichotillomania-Child Version (MIST-C) using a median-split procedure. Results demonstrated significant differences between pulling styles. More specifically, “high-focused” pullers reported more severe TTM and greater symptoms of anxiety and depression than “low-focused” pullers, and “high-automatic” pullers reported greater symptoms of depression than “low-automatic” pullers. Subsequent analyses suggest that, in comparison to youths with low levels of both automatic and focused pulling, those experiencing high levels of focused pulling but low levels of automatic pulling reported phenomenological differences and were more likely to engage in additional repetitive behaviors (i.e., skin picking, lip/cheek biting). Clinical and research implications, study limitations, and future areas of research are discussed. 相似文献
178.
Some non-human animals may possess the ability to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event. We tested
the hypothesis that male meadow voles posses the capacity to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event
associated with mate selection in two experiments. Briefly, male voles were allowed to explore an apparatus that contained
two chambers. One chamber contained a day-20 pregnant female (24 h prepartum). The other chamber contained a sexually mature
female that was neither pregnant nor lactating (REF female). Twenty-four hour after the exposure, the males were placed in
the same apparatus, which was empty and clean. At this time, the pregnant female would have entered postpartum estrus (PPE),
a period of heightened sexual receptivity. Males initially chose and spent significantly more time investigating the chamber
that originally housed the pregnant female (now a PPE female) than the chamber that originally housed the REF female. Male
voles also explored an apparatus containing a chamber with a PPE female and one chamber containing a REF female. Twenty-four hour
later, males were placed into an empty and clean apparatus. The males did not display an initial choice and they spent similar
amounts of time investigating the chamber that originally housed the PPE female (now a lactating female) and the chamber that
originally housed the REF female. The results of these and additional experiments suggest that male voles may have the capacity
to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event, which may allow males to remember the location of females
who would currently be in heightened states of sexual receptivity. 相似文献
179.
Leibniz's best-of-all-possible worlds solution to the problem of evil isdefended. Enlightenment misrepresentations are removed. The apparentobviousness of the possibility of better worlds is undermined by the muchbetter understanding achieved in modern mathematical sciences of howglobal structure constrains local possibilities. It is argued that alternativeviews, especially standard materialism, fail to make sense of the problem ofevil, by implying that evil does not matter, absolutely speaking. Finally, itis shown how ordinary religious thinking incorporates the essentials ofLeibniz's view. 相似文献
180.
We comment on Goldstein, Davidoff, and Roberson’s replication and extension (Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 102, 219-238 [2009]) of our study of the effect of toddlers’ color term knowledge on their categorical perception (CP) of color (Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 90, 114-141 [2005]). First, we discuss how best to assess color term knowledge when concerned with the effects of language on color CP. A reanalysis of our data indicates that even toddlers who do not know the terms for the relevant focal colors still show CP. Second, we comment on Goldstein and colleagues’ finding of blue-purple CP, as we did, but not of blue-green CP in Himba toddlers. We present contrasting data from Wright (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Surrey, 2006) that demonstrates blue-green CP in Himba toddlers. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the approach taken by all of these investigations and discuss theoretical accounts of the origin and nature of color CP. 相似文献