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941.
Martin Davies' criterion for the knowledge of implicit rules, viz. the causal systematicity of cognitive processes, is first
exposed. Then the inference from causal systematicity of a process to syntactic properties of the input states is examined.
It is argued that Davies' notion of a syntactic property is too weak to bear the conclusion that causal systematicity implies
a language of thought as far as the input states are concerned. Next, it is shown that Davies' criterion leads to a counterintuitive
consequence: it groups together distributed connectionist systems with look-up tables. To avoid this consequence, a modified
construal of causal systematicity is proposed and Davies' argument for the causal systematicity of thought is shown to be
question-begging. It is briefly sketched how the modified construal links up with multiple dispositions of the same categorical
base. Finally, the question of the causal efficacy of single rules is distinguished from the question of their psychological
reality: implicit rules might be psychologically real without being causally efficacious.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
942.
van Gelder T 《The Behavioral and brain sciences》1998,21(5):615-28; discussion 629-65
According to the dominant computational approach in cognitive science, cognitive agents are digital computers; according to the alternative approach, they are dynamical systems. This target article attempts to articulate and support the dynamical hypothesis. The dynamical hypothesis has two major components: the nature hypothesis (cognitive agents are dynamical systems) and the knowledge hypothesis (cognitive agents can be understood dynamically). A wide range of objections to this hypothesis can be rebutted. The conclusion is that cognitive systems may well be dynamical systems, and only sustained empirical research in cognitive science will determine the extent to which that is true. 相似文献
943.
Jansen BR van Duijvenvoorde AC Huizenga HM 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2012,111(1):87-100
Decisions can be made by applying a variety of decision-making rules-sequential rules in which decisions are based on a sequential evaluation of choice dimensions and the integrative normative rule in which decisions are based on an integration of choice dimensions. In this study, we investigated the developmental trajectory of such decision-making rules. In the Gambling Machine Task, participants choose between options that differ in three dimensions: frequency of loss, amount of loss, and certain gain. The task was administered to 231 children and adolescents (age range=8-17 years). Latent group analysis of their performance allowed precise classification of the underlying decision rules. The majority of participants used sequential decision rules, and the number of evaluated dimensions in these rules increased with age. Integrative rule use decreased with age. We discuss these results in light of traditional developmental theories and fuzzy trace theory. 相似文献
944.
In three studies we addressed the impact of perceived risk and negative affect on risky choice. In Study 1, we tested a model that included both perceived risk and negative affect as predictors of risky choice. Study 2 and Study 3 replicated these findings and examined the impact of affective versus cognitive processing modes. In all the three studies, both perceived risk and negative affect were shown to be significant predictors of risky choice. Furthermore, Study 2 and Study 3 showed that an affective processing mode strengthened the relation between negative affect and risky choice and that a cognitive processing mode strengthened the relation between perceived risk and risky choice. Together, these findings show support for the idea of a dual‐process model of risky choice. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
945.
946.
947.
Annette van Randenborgh Joachim Hüffmeier Joelle LeMoult Jutta Joormann 《Motivation and emotion》2010,34(4):325-332
Self-regulation of behavior frequently requires that people disengage from goals that are too difficult to attain. The current
studies investigate whether self-focused rumination hinders the execution of this crucial self-regulatory competence. In study
one, participants attempted to solve anagrams, some of which were unsolvable, and their predisposition to engage in self-focused
rumination was assessed. The tendency to ruminate was associated with getting stuck in the attempt to solve unsolvable anagrams.
In study two, ruminative thoughts were manipulated by asking participants to focus on their self, personality, and goals in
life, a task frequently employed to induce rumination. Compared to participants undergoing a distraction induction, ruminating
participants were more likely to get stuck trying to solve unsolvable anagrams. These results suggest that self-focused rumination
hinders disengagement from unattainable goals. 相似文献
948.
Diana Rus Daan van Knippenberg Barbara Wisse 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2010,46(6):922-933
In this research we investigated the role played by leader power in determining leader self-serving behavior. Based on an integration of insights from research on the determinants of leader behavior and the power-approach theory, we hypothesized that with higher leader power leader self-serving behavior is determined more by internal states like effective leadership beliefs and less by external cues like performance information. We found support for this prediction across two experiments and one organizational survey assessing leader behavior along a self-serving–group-serving continuum. Overall, these results suggest that whether leaders benefit the collective or act self-servingly is not a function of their power per se but rather that leader power determines the extent to which internal belief states or external cues influence leader self- versus group-serving behavior. 相似文献
949.
Lotte F. Van Dillen Daniël Lakens Kees van den Bos 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2011,47(1):235-240
The present research demonstrates that the attention bias to angry faces is modulated by how people categorize these faces. Since facial expressions contain psychologically meaningful information for social categorizations (i.e., gender, personality) but not for non-social categorizations (i.e., eye-color), angry facial expression should especially capture attention during social categorization tasks. Indeed, in three studies, participants were slower to name the gender of angry compared to happy or neutral faces, but not their color (blue or green; Study 1) or eye-color (blue or brown; Study 2). Furthermore, when different eye-colors were linked to a personality trait (introversion, extraversion) versus sensitivity to light frequencies (high, low), angry faces only slowed down categorizations when eye-color was indicative of a social characteristic (Study 3). Thus, vigilance for angry facial expressions is contingent on people's categorization goals, supporting the perspective that even basic attentional processes are moderated by social influences. 相似文献
950.
Most models of response time (RT) in elementary cognitive tasks implicitly assume that the speed-accuracy trade-off is continuous: When payoffs or instructions gradually increase the level of speed stress, people are assumed to gradually sacrifice response accuracy in exchange for gradual increases in response speed. This trade-off presumably operates over the entire range from accurate but slow responding to fast but chance-level responding (i.e., guessing). In this article, we challenge the assumption of continuity and propose a phase transition model for RTs and accuracy. Analogous to the fast guess model (Ollman, 1966), our model postulates two modes of processing: a guess mode and a stimulus-controlled mode. From catastrophe theory, we derive two important predictions that allow us to test our model against the fast guess model and against the popular class of sequential sampling models. The first prediction--hysteresis in the transitions between guessing and stimulus-controlled behavior--was confirmed in an experiment that gradually changed the reward for speed versus accuracy. The second prediction--bimodal RT distributions--was confirmed in an experiment that required participants to respond in a way that is intermediate between guessing and accurate responding. 相似文献