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831.
Frank Keller Subahshini Gunasekharan Neil Mayo Martin Corley 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(1):1-12
Although Internet-based experiments are gaining in popularity, most studies rely on directly evaluating participants’ responses
rather than response times. In the present article, we present two experiments that demonstrate the feasibility of collecting
response latency data over the World-Wide Web using WebExp—a software package designed to run psychological experiments over
the Internet. Experiment 1 uses WebExp to collect measurements for known time intervals (generated using keyboard repetition).
The resulting measurements are found to be accurate across platforms and load conditions. In Experiment 2, we use WebExp to
replicate a lab-based self-paced reading study from the psycholinguistic literature. The data of the Web-based replication
correlate significantly with those of the original study and show the same main effects and interactions. We conclude that
WebExp can be used to obtain reliable response time data, at least for the self-paced reading paradigm. 相似文献
832.
Two experiments are performed to investigate how luminance change contributes to prioritized selection of new over old elements. Experiment 1 demonstrates that observers prioritize items that undergo a luminance change irrespective of the direction of that change. Experiment 2 shows that foreknowledge concerning the direction of luminance change signaling the target does not allow observers to prioritize the selection of luminance onsets over offsets and vice versa. The results suggest that prioritized selection of new over old elements is mediated by a general mechanism that is sensitive to luminance change, irrespective of its direction. 相似文献
833.
This waitlist-controlled study evaluated the efficacy of a short version of a group CBT for BED followed by booster sessions after the active treatment phase. Thirty-six females with BED were randomly assigned to CBT (eight weekly sessions during active treatment plus five booster sessions during follow-up) or a waitlist condition. At the end of the active treatment, binge eating was significantly reduced relative to waitlist. Furthermore, at 12-month follow-up short-term CBT produced significant improvements in binge eating symptoms relative to baseline. Findings suggest that the short-term CBT followed by booster sessions may provide a valuable treatment option for patients with BED. 相似文献
834.
Luanna H. Meyer John McClure Frank Walkey Kirsty F. Weir Lynanne McKenzie 《The British journal of educational psychology》2009,79(2):273-293
Background Individual student characteristics such as competence motivation, achievement values, and goal orientations have been related in meaningful ways to task attainment. The standards‐based National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) was developed in New Zealand with the intention of strengthening connections between student learning behaviours and achievement outcomes. Aim This study investigates interrelationships between self‐reported motivation orientations and achievement outcomes on the NCEA, a standards‐based, criterion‐referenced assessment system for senior secondary students. Sample Participants were 3,569 Year 11–Year 13 students at 20 nationally representative secondary schools in New Zealand. Method Survey data were factor analysed followed by regression analyses to examine relationships across demographic factors, self‐report survey results, and NCEA achievement outcomes. Results Several theoretically meaningful self‐reported motivation orientations were strongly related to actual achievement including doing my best (high achievement) and doing just enough (low achievement). These dimensions varied by gender, ethnicity, and school zone decile. Conclusions These findings illustrate how particular design features of a standards‐based assessment system relate to student attitudes and achievement. They also highlight the need for longitudinal research to investigate patterns over time as well as the possible impact of interventions to alter motivation and/or academic task performance. 相似文献
835.
Fodor and Pylyshyn [Fodor, J. A., & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1988). Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis. Cognition, 28, 3–71] argue that connectionist models are not able to display systematicity other than by implementing a classical symbol system. This claim entails that connectionism cannot compete with the classical approach as an alternative architectural framework for human cognition. We present a connectionist model of sentence comprehension that does not implement a symbol system yet behaves systematically. It consists in a recurrent neural network that maps sentences describing situations in a microworld, onto representations of these situations. After being trained on particular sentence–situation pairs, the model can comprehend new sentences, even if these describe new situations. We argue that this systematicity arises robustly and in a psychologically plausible manner because it depends on structure inherent in the world. 相似文献
836.
Pol A. C. van Lier Frank Vitaro Edward D. Barker Hans M. Koot Richard E. Tremblay 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(4):481-492
Differences in developmental trajectories of physical violence, vandalism, theft, and alcohol-drug use from ages 10 to 15
were studied. For females and for males, three trajectories of theft and of alcohol-drug use increased from 10 years to 15 years,
while only the high trajectory of vandalism increased from ten to 14. All trajectories of physical violence decreased. Children
who engaged in the high trajectories of vandalism, theft, and alcohol-drug use had a high probability of also being high in
physical violence. Compared to males, females were less likely to be on the high trajectory of physical violence, and their
trajectories of other antisocial behaviors were less strongly associated with high levels of physical violence. The results
suggest that physical violence during pre-adolescence and adolescence has a different developmental pattern than other forms
of antisocial behavior, and that its relation to these other forms of antisocial behavior differs by sex. 相似文献
837.
Development of achievement-related motives in young athletes is believed to be influenced by the motivational climate created
by coaches. In a longitudinal multilevel design utilizing 47 youth basketball teams, coach-initiated motivational climate
was used to predict changes in 9–13 year old athletes’ achievement goal orientations over the course of a season. Mastery
climate scores on the Motivational Climate Scale for Youth Sports were associated with significant increases in mastery goal
orientation and decreases in ego orientation scores on the Achievement Goal Scale for Youth Sports. Ego motivational climate
scores were significantly related to increases in ego goal orientation scores. These relations were not influenced by athletes’
age or gender. Intraclass correlations indicated low within-team consensus in athletes’ motivational climate scores, suggesting
an individual- rather than team-level perceptual construct. These and other findings indicate that achievement goal orientation
research can be extended downward to children below the age of 11.
相似文献
Ronald E. SmithEmail: |
838.
839.
Frank Hindriks 《Erkenntnis》2009,71(2):253-275
It is a commonplace within philosophy that the ontology of institutions can be captured in terms of constitutive rules. What
exactly such rules are, however, is not well understood. They are usually contrasted to regulative rules: constitutive rules
(such as the rules of chess) make institutional actions possible, whereas regulative rules (such as the rules of etiquette)
pertain to actions that can be performed independently of such rules. Some, however, maintain that the distinction between
regulative and constitutive rules is merely a linguistic one. In this paper I present the status account of constitutive rules
in order to address this criticism. According to the status account constitutive rules pertain to institutional statuses and
statuses are to be understood in terms of status rules. Status rules concern the enabling and constraining roles of institutions,
and constitutive rules specify the preconditions that have to be met in order for them to play these roles. Even though I
end up endorsing the claim that the distinction mentioned is a linguistic one, I go on to argue that there is an underlying
reality that constitutive rules serve to make apparent.
相似文献
Frank HindriksEmail: |
840.
Karen Ostrov Jerome Dowling David O. Wesner Frank K. Johnson 《Infant mental health journal》1982,3(3):162-173
Infant psychotherapy, in which the mother is requested to follow the baby's activities without initiating or directing, is described. Mothers demonstrate different styles of involvement with their infants: a protective mode, a prohibitive mode, a competitive mode, and other ways of interfering with their infants' tendency to explore the environment. Attempts to analyze such factors as position, distance and movement are discussed. Research for recording and analyzing the movement of infant and mother dyads is proposed. 相似文献