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201.
Kathy L. Bentson Frank P. Miles Clifford A. Astley Orville A. Smith 《Behavior research methods》1999,31(3):455-463
A remote-controlled device was developed for injection of fluids and collection of blood samples from freely moving, socially housed animals via an indwelling catheter. Samples are collected at times chosen by the investigator, and the animal is not aware that sampling is occurring. This technique allows measurement of plasma catecholamines and other substances that fluctuate rapidly, are affected by psychosocial stimuli, and are altered by capture and other stressful activities that often accompany sample collection. Rapid retrieval of samples is facilitated by remote-controlled injection of an anesthetic. The device has been used to collect blood from dominant and subordinate male baboons before and during events such as chases and presentation of food treats. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured via radio telemetry, and behavior was recorded on videotapes. This technique allowed construction of multifaceted physiological profiles of social roles and behaviors. 相似文献
202.
Luke Robinson 《Philosophical Studies》2011,156(2):289-309
What are moral principles? In particular, what are moral principles of the sort that (if they exist) ground moral obligations or—at the very least—particular moral truths? I argue that we can fruitfully conceive of such principles as real, irreducibly dispositional properties of individual persons (agents and patients) that are responsible for and thereby explain the moral properties of (e.g.) agents and actions. Such moral dispositions (or moral powers) are apt to be the metaphysical grounds of moral obligations and of particular truths about what is morally permissible, impermissible, etc. Moreover, they can do other things that moral principles are supposed to do: explain the phenomena “falling within their scope,” support counterfactuals, and ground moral necessities, “necessary connections” between obligating reasons and obligations. And they are apt to be the truthmakers for moral laws, or “lawlike” moral generalizations. 相似文献
203.
When immigrant groups “misbehave”: The influence of perceived deviant behavior on increased threat and discriminatory intentions and the moderating role of right‐wing authoritarianism 下载免费PDF全文
Mathias Kauff Frank Asbrock Christian Issmer Stefan Thörner Ulrich Wagner 《European journal of social psychology》2015,45(5):641-652
In two studies, we tested the relationship between non‐immigrant individuals' perceptions of deviant behavior carried out by Muslims and foreigners and discriminatory intentions towards these outgroups. Based on a longitudinal and a representative cross‐sectional sample, we showed that two different types of perceived deviant behavior (Study 1, Muslims' unwillingness to integrate; and Study 2, foreigners' hostility towards the non‐immigrant majority group) are related to increased intergroup threat, which in turn is related to increased intentions to show passive discrimination (i.e., avoidance) towards these outgroups. In line with theorizing about an increased sensitivity for threat in authoritarian individuals, the relationship between perceptions of deviant behavior and threat was especially strong among high authoritarian individuals. Theoretical and practical implications of our results are discussed. 相似文献
204.
Why do people express moral outrage? While this sentiment often stems from a perceived violation of some moral principle, we test the counter-intuitive possibility that moral outrage at third-party transgressions is sometimes a means of reducing guilt over one’s own moral failings and restoring a moral identity. We tested this guilt-driven account of outrage in five studies examining outrage at corporate labor exploitation and environmental destruction. Study 1 showed that personal guilt uniquely predicted moral outrage at corporate harm-doing and support for retributive punishment. Ingroup (vs. outgroup) wrongdoing elicited outrage at corporations through increased guilt, while the opportunity to express outrage reduced guilt (Study 2) and restored perceived personal morality (Study 3). Study 4 tested whether effects were due merely to downward social comparison and Study 5 showed that guilt-driven outrage was attenuated by an affirmation of moral identity in an unrelated context. 相似文献
205.
Amori Yee Mikami Allison Jack Christina C. Emeh Haley F. Stephens 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(6):721-736
We examined associations between children’s peer relationships and (a) their parents’ social competence as well as (b) their
parents’ behaviors during the children’s peer interactions. Participants were families of 124 children ages 6–10 (68% male),
62 with ADHD and 62 age- and sex-matched comparison youth. Children’s peer relationships were assessed via parent and teacher
report, and sociometric nominations in a lab-based playgroup. Parental characteristics were assessed via parent self-report
and observations of behavior during their child’s playgroup. After statistical control of relevant covariates, parents of
children with ADHD reported poorer social skills of their own, arranged fewer playdates for their children, and displayed
more criticism during their child’s peer interaction than did parents of comparison youth. Parents’ socialization with other
parents and facilitation of the child’s peer interactions predicted their children having good peer relationships as reported
by teachers and peers, whereas parental corrective feedback to the child and praise predicted poor peer relationships. Parents’
ratings of their child’s social skills were positively associated with ratings of their own social skills, but negatively
associated with criticism and facilitation of the child’s peer interactions. Relationships between parental behaviors and
peer relationships were stronger for youth with ADHD than for comparison youth. The relevance of findings to interventions
is discussed. 相似文献
206.
Umesh Patil Sandra Hanne Frank Burchert Ria De Bleser Shravan Vasishth 《Cognitive Science》2016,40(1):5-50
Individuals with agrammatic Broca's aphasia experience difficulty when processing reversible non‐canonical sentences. Different accounts have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. The Trace Deletion account (Grodzinsky, 1995, 2000, 2006) attributes this deficit to an impairment in syntactic representations, whereas others (e.g., Caplan, Waters, Dede, Michaud, & Reddy, 2007; Haarmann, Just, & Carpenter, 1997) propose that the underlying structural representations are unimpaired, but sentence comprehension is affected by processing deficits, such as slow lexical activation, reduction in memory resources, slowed processing and/or intermittent deficiency, among others. We test the claims of two processing accounts, slowed processing and intermittent deficiency, and two versions of the Trace Deletion Hypothesis (TDH), in a computational framework for sentence processing (Lewis & Vasishth, 2005) implemented in ACT‐R (Anderson, Byrne, Douglass, Lebiere, & Qin, 2004). The assumption of slowed processing is operationalized as slow procedural memory, so that each processing action is performed slower than normal, and intermittent deficiency as extra noise in the procedural memory, so that the parsing steps are more noisy than normal. We operationalize the TDH as an absence of trace information in the parse tree. To test the predictions of the models implementing these theories, we use the data from a German sentence—picture matching study reported in Hanne, Sekerina, Vasishth, Burchert, and De Bleser (2011). The data consist of offline (sentence‐picture matching accuracies and response times) and online (eye fixation proportions) measures. From among the models considered, the model assuming that both slowed processing and intermittent deficiency are present emerges as the best model of sentence processing difficulty in aphasia. The modeling of individual differences suggests that, if we assume that patients have both slowed processing and intermittent deficiency, they have them in differing degrees. 相似文献
207.
Chandni C. Patel Amanda J. Fairchild Ronald J. Prinz 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2017,20(2):127-145
Parenting and family interventions have repeatedly shown effectiveness in preventing and treating a range of youth outcomes. Accordingly, investigators in this area have conducted a number of studies using statistical mediation to examine some of the potential mechanisms of action by which these interventions work. This review examined from a methodological perspective in what ways and how well the family-based intervention studies tested statistical mediation. A systematic search identified 73 published outcome studies that tested mediation for family-based interventions across a wide range of child and adolescent outcomes (i.e., externalizing, internalizing, and substance-abuse problems; high-risk sexual activity; and academic achievement), for putative mediators pertaining to positive and negative parenting, family functioning, youth beliefs and coping skills, and peer relationships. Taken as a whole, the studies used designs that adequately addressed temporal precedence. The majority of studies used the product of coefficients approach to mediation, which is preferred, and less limiting than the causal steps approach. Statistical significance testing did not always make use of the most recently developed approaches, which would better accommodate small sample sizes and more complex functions. Specific recommendations are offered for future mediation studies in this area with respect to full longitudinal design, mediation approach, significance testing method, documentation and reporting of statistics, testing of multiple mediators, and control for Type I error. 相似文献
208.
Réka Török István Tóth-Király Beáta Bőthe Gábor Orosz 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2017,36(4):764-773
The goal of the study was to examine the dimensionality of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale Short Form (CDSES-SF, Betz et al. 1996). Integrating several previous findings from different cultures, we found that the bifactor structure of the CDSES-SF on a Hungarian sample of 649 respondents showed the best model fit. This structure includes a general CDSE factor covering 15 items and the original five specific factors (self-appraisal, occupational information, goal selection, planning, and problem solving) covering three items each. This short form of CDSES shows an acceptable model fit and appropriate reliability in terms of the Cronbach’s alpha and omega values. Regarding career decision self-efficacy, a large proportion of variance was explained by the general factor and to a smaller extent by the specific factors. These results can be considered as a first step in resolving the paradox of the dimensionality of CDSES-SF. 相似文献
209.
Anne M. Gadermann Martin Guhn Kimberly A. Schonert-Reichl Shelley Hymel Kimberly Thomson Clyde Hertzman 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2016,17(5):1847-1872
This study investigated how various risk and protective factors interface with child health and well-being at the population level. Specifically, we examined the association of income, social-contextual variables, and indicators of health-related habits and activities to children’s life satisfaction and perceived overall health. Child data were collected via a self-report survey, the Middle Years Development Instrument, which was administered in three demographically diverse Canadian school districts to 5026 grade 4 students (83 % of the students had complete data and were included in the analyses). Multiple regression and mediation analyses were conducted to examine the joint associations of social relationships with adults and peers, nutrition and sleep habits, and after school sports activities with children’s satisfaction with life and perceived health. Results indicate that peer belonging and relationships with adults at home and school were the strongest predictors of life satisfaction. Furthermore, the (small) association between income and life satisfaction was mediated by social relationship variables. Child reports of perceived health were predicted by peer belonging, adult relationships (home, school, neighborhood), after-school team sports, and nutrition habits. The (small) association between income and health was mediated by social relationships and team sports participation. Findings are discussed in light of previous research on social determinants and socio-economic gradients of children’s health and life satisfaction. 相似文献
210.
Gilles Pourtois Laurent Spinelli Margitta Seeck Patrik Vuilleumier 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(1):83-93
Previous fMRI studies have reported mixed evidence for the influence of selective attention on amygdala responses to emotional
stimuli, with some studies showing “automatic” emotional effects to threat-related stimuli without attention (or even without
awareness), but other studies showing a gating of amygdala activity by selective attention with no response to unattended
stimuli. We recorded intracranial local field potentials from the intact left lateral amygdala in a human patient prior to
surgery for epilepsy and tested, with a millisecond time resolution, for neural responses to fearful faces appearing at either
task-relevant or task-irrelevant locations. Our results revealed an early emotional effect in the amygdala arising prior to,
and independently of, attentional modulation. However, at a later latency, we found a significant modulation of the differential
emotional response when attention was directed toward or away from fearful faces. These results suggest separate influences
of emotion and attention on amygdala activation and may help reconcile previous discrepancies concerning the relative responsiveness
of the human amygdala to emotional and attentional factors. 相似文献