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251.
Stone A 《Memory & cognition》2012,40(4):652-662
A centre–surround attentional mechanism was proposed by Carr and Dagenbach (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition 16: 341–350, 1990) to account for their observations of negative semantic priming from hard-to-perceive primes. Their mechanism cannot account
for the observation of negative semantic priming when primes are clearly visible. Three experiments (Ns = 30, 46, and 30) used a familiarity decision with names of famous people, preceded by a prime name with the same occupation
as the target or with a different occupation. Negative semantic priming was observed at a 150- or 200-ms SOA, with positive
priming at shorter (50-ms) and longer (1,000-ms) SOAs. In Experiment 3, we verified that the primes were easily recognisable in the priming task at an SOA that yielded negative semantic priming,
which cannot be predicted by the original centre–surround mechanism. A modified version is proposed that explains transiently
negative semantic priming by proposing that centre–surround inhibition is a normal, automatically invoked aspect of the semantic
processing of visually presented famous names. 相似文献
252.
Recent research has demonstrated a relationship between retrieval organization and the efficacy of prior repeated retrieval
on delayed tests. The present study asked why repeated study engenders higher recall at a short delay despite lower retrieval
organization but produces a decline at a long delay, and why repeated retrieval engenders lower recall at a short delay despite
higher retrieval organization but produces stable recall over time. This relationship was examined through the inclusion of
two successive recall tests—one immediately after learning method and one a week later. Results replicated the interaction
in recall between learning method and delay characterizing the testing effect and, critically, revealed the qualitative differences
inherent in the retrieval organization of each method. Specifically, stable recall in repeated retrieval was accompanied by
strong and sustained conceptual organization, whereas organization for repeated study was tenuous and weakened across tests.
These differences quantitatively were assessed through the use of five targeted analyses: specifically, the examination of
cumulative recall curves, the accumulation of organization across time (a curve akin to cumulative recall), item gains and
losses across time, changes in the size of categories across time, and the fate of specific clusters of recalled items across
time. These differences are discussed within the context of differential processes occurring during learning method. 相似文献
253.
When participants are asked to recall lists of items in the reverse order, known as backward recall, several benchmark memory phenomena, such as the word length effect, are abolished (Bireta et al. Memory & Cognition 38:279–291,
2010). Bireta et al. (Memory & Cognition 38:279–291, 2010) suggested that in backward recall, reliance on order retention is increased at the expense of item retention, leading to
the abolition of item-based phenomena. In a subsequent study, however, Guérard and Saint-Aubin (in press) showed that four lexical factors known to modulate item retention were unaffected by recall direction. In a series of five
experiments, we examined the source of the discrepancy between the two studies. We revisited the effects of phonological similarity,
word length, articulatory suppression, and irrelevant speech, using open and closed pools of words in backward and forward
recall. The results are unequivocal in showing that none of these effects are influenced by recall direction, suggesting that
Bireta et al.’s (Memory & Cognition 38:279–291, 2010) results are the consequence of their particular stimuli. 相似文献
254.
In the present article, the lexical contribution to nonword reading was evaluated using Italian pseudohomophones that contained
atypical letters or letter sequences. Pseudohomophones were read faster than orthographically matched nonwords in both mixed
(Experiment 1) and pure (Experiment 2) lists; in addition, a base-word frequency effect was obtained in both conditions. The same pseudohomophone advantage was
observed when nonwords without atypical letter sequences were mixed in the experimental list (Experiment 3 ), and it disappeared only in lexical decision, in which pseudohomophones were rejected as quickly as control nonwords. The
pattern of results was explained by assuming that, due to their orthographic properties, the Italian pseudohomophones did
not benefit from an orthographic lexical contribution and were mainly processed through the interaction system between the
sublexical mechanisms and the phonological output lexicon. 相似文献
255.
Holding an intention often interferes with other ongoing activities, indicating that resource-demanding processes are involved
in maintaining the intention and noticing the appropriate event to fulfill it. Little is known, however, about the nature
of the processes underlying this task interference effect. The goal of the present research was to decompose the processes
contributing to the task interference effect by applying the diffusion model (Ratcliff, Psychological Review 85:59–108, 1978) to an event-based prospective memory task. In the first experiment, we validated the interpretation of the response criterion
parameter (a) of the diffusion model as reflecting strategies to cope with the anticipated demands of a prospective memory task in the
context of the ongoing task. The second experiment served to investigate which underlying processes contribute to the task
interference often found with prospective memory tasks. Diffusion model analyses revealed that the task interference effect
was due to (1) less efficient processing in the more demanding than in the less demanding prospective memory task and (2)
a more conservative response criterion. We suggest that the anticipated demands and the additional processing demands of the
prospective memory task jointly contribute to the task interference effect. 相似文献
256.
How a hobby can shape cognition: visual word recognition in competitive Scrabble players 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Competitive Scrabble is an activity that involves extraordinary word recognition experience. We investigated whether that
experience is associated with exceptional behavior in the laboratory in a classic visual word recognition paradigm: the lexical
decision task (LDT). We used a version of the LDT that involved horizontal and vertical presentation and a concreteness manipulation.
In Experiment 1, we presented this task to a group of undergraduates, as these participants are the typical sample in word recognition studies.
In Experiment 2, we compared the performance of a group of competitive Scrabble players with a group of age-matched nonexpert control participants.
The results of a series of cognitive assessments showed that the Scrabble players and control participants differed only in
Scrabble-specific skills (e.g., anagramming). Scrabble expertise was associated with two specific effects (as compared to
controls): vertical fluency (relatively less difficulty judging lexicality for words presented in the vertical orientation)
and semantic deemphasis (smaller concreteness effects for word responses). These results suggest that visual word recognition
is shaped by experience, and that with experience there are efficiencies to be had even in the adult word recognition system. 相似文献
257.
In this report, we examine whether and how altered aspects of perception and attention near the hands affect one’s learning
of to-be-remembered visual material. We employed the contextual cuing paradigm of visual learning in two experiments. Participants
searched for a target embedded within images of fractals and other complex geometrical patterns while either holding their
hands near to or far from the stimuli. When visual features and structural patterns remained constant across to-be-learned
images (Exp. 1), no difference emerged between hand postures in the observed rates of learning. However, when to-be-learned scenes maintained
structural pattern information but changed in color (Exp. 2), participants exhibited substantially slower rates of learning when holding their hands near the material. This finding
shows that learning near the hands is impaired in situations in which common information must be abstracted from visually
unique images, suggesting a bias toward detail-oriented processing near the hands. 相似文献
258.
Externalizing psychopathology (EXT) is a framework for understanding diagnostic comorbidity and etiology of antisocial and
substance-use behaviors. EXT indicates continuity in adulthood but the structure of adolescent EXT is less clear. This report
examines whether adolescent EXT is trait-like, as has been found with adults, or categorical. We use tests of measurement
invariance to determine how diagnostic indicators of EXT differ in adolescents compared to adults. The EXT measures employed
were DSM-IIIR diagnoses of adult antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and alcohol, marijuana, and drug dependence. Latent
trait, latent class, and hybrid models were fit to two separate data sets: 2,769 seventeen-year-old adolescents and 2,619
adults from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. The best model in both samples was a single-trait LT model. Parameters from the
adolescent and adult models were equivalent for all disorders except alcohol dependence. It appears that EXT in adolescence
can be accurately represented by a single-trait model, and the measurement properties of EXT are similar during these time
periods with the exception of alcohol dependence. 相似文献
259.
Examined a cognitive-behavioral pathway by which depressive symptoms in mothers and fathers increase risk for later child externalizing problem behavior via parents’ appraisals of child behavior and physical discipline. Participants were 245 children (118 girls) at risk for school-age conduct problems, and their parents and teachers. Children were approximately 3 years old at Time 1 (T1) and 5 ½ years old at Time 2 (T2). At T1, mothers and fathers reported their depressive symptoms, perceptions of their child’s reciprocal affection and responsiveness, frequency of physical punishment, and child externalizing problems. Mothers, fathers, and teachers provided ratings of externalizing behavior at T2. Structural equation modeling revealed that parents’ negative attributions mediated positive relations between their depressive symptoms and frequency of physical punishment for both fathers and mothers. More frequent physical punishment, in turn, predicted increased child externalizing behavior at T2. In future research, transactional mechanisms underlying effects of clinical depression on child conduct problems should be explored at multiple stages of development. For parents showing depressive symptoms, restructuring distorted perceptions about their children’s behavior may be an important component of intervention programs. 相似文献
260.
Banh MK Crane PK Rhew I Gudmundsen G Stoep AV Lyon A McCauley E 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(3):353-367
As research continues to document differences in the prevalence of mental health problems such as depression across racial/ethnic
groups, the issue of measurement equivalence becomes increasingly important to address. The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire
(MFQ) is a widely used screening tool for child and adolescent depression. This study applied a differential item functioning
(DIF) framework to data from a sample of 6th and 8th grade students in the Seattle Public School District (N = 3,593) to investigate the measurement equivalence of the MFQ. Several items in the MFQ were found to have DIF, but this
DIF was associated with negligible individual- or group-level impact. These results suggest that differences in MFQ scores
across groups are unlikely to be caused by measurement non-equivalence. 相似文献