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51.
52.
One of the more important and emerging fields in which psychologists collaborate with other disciplines is psychoimmunology.
Centuries of clinical anecdote and decades of psychosomatic hypotheses have gained credibility in the eyes of the medical
establishment—and many patients—by the systematic investigation of mechanisms potentially explaining how events intrapsychic
and interpersonal could affect physical disease processes. The central nervous system is connected with the immune system
by both neuronal and endocrinological pathways. The immune system has been found to mediate the organism’s response to aberrations
of its own normal functions, as well as to invading organisms from without. AIDS, arthritis, asthma, lupus, and herpes are
some of the illnesses in which research is demonstrating important relationships among psychosocial and immunological factors
and disease course. In this article, we first discuss the immunological apparatus in order to provide a base for subsequent
discussions of the effects of stress on immune function. Then we discuss malignant diseases and current evidence that disease
course is related to both psychosocial stressors and immune function. We next discuss a model of these interactions, and finally
we talk about interventions incorporating psychosocial factors aimed at influencing immune status and, thus, disease course. 相似文献
53.
The interaction of stimulus and reinforcer control in complex temporal discrimination. 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Six pigeons were trained in a discrete-trials signal-detection procedure to discriminate between a fixed-duration stimulus (5 s or 20 s) and a set of variable durations ranging from 2.5 s to 57.5 s in steps of 5 s. For each fixed-duration stimulus, the ratio of reinforcer frequencies contingent upon reporting the fixed versus the variable stimulus was systematically manipulated. Detection performance was well controlled by both the stimulus value and the reinforcer ratio. Both the discriminability between the fixed duration and the set of variable durations, and the discriminability between the fixed duration and each of the variable durations, were independent of the reinforcer-frequency ratio when discriminability was measured as log d. The sensitivity of response bias to reinforcement-ratio changes was independent of the value of the fixed duration, but was not independent of the discriminability of the variable durations from the fixed durations. Under current models, discriminability measures in complex temporal discrimination may be independent of biasing manipulations, but bias measures are not independent of stimulus values. 相似文献
54.
Pigeons' choices between alternatives that provided different percentages of reinforcement in mixed schedules were studied using the concurrent-chains procedure. In Experiment 1, the alternatives were terminal-link schedules that were equal in delay and magnitude of reinforcement, but that provided different percentages of reinforcement, with one schedule providing, reinforcement twice as reliably as the other. All pigeons preferred the more reliable schedule, and their level of preference was not systematically affected by variation in the absolute percentage values, or in the magnitude of reinforcement. In Experiment 2, preference for a schedule providing 100% reinforcement over one providing 33% reinforcement increased systematically with increases in the duration of the terminal links. In contrast, preference decreased systematically with increases in the duration of the initial links. Experiment 3 examined choice with equal percentages of reinforcement but unequal delays to reinforcement. Preference for the shorter delay to reinforcement was not systematically affected by variation in the absolute percentage of reinforcement. The overall pattern of results supported predictions based on an extension of the delay-reduction hypothesis to choice procedures involving mixed schedules of percentage reinforcement. 相似文献
55.
Effects of delayed conditioned reinforcement in chain schedules. 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
The contingency between responding and stimulus change on a chain variable-interval 33-s, variable-interval 33-s, variable-interval 33-s schedule was weakened by interposing 3-s delays between either the first and second or the second and third links. No stimulus change signaled the delay interval and responses could occur during it, so the obtained delays were often shorter than the scheduled delay. When the delay occurred after the initial link, initial-link response rates decreased by an average of 77% with no systematic change in response rates in the second or third links. Response rates in the second link decreased an average of 59% when the delay followed that link, again with little effect on response rates in the first or third links. Because the effect of delaying stimulus change was comparable to the effect of delaying primary reinforcement in a simple variable-interval schedule, and the effect of the unsignaled delay was specific to the link in which the delay occurred, the results provide strong evidence for the concept of conditioned reinforcement. 相似文献
56.
The proposal that peripheral visual changes (cues) tend to summon attention automatically was tested by studying the effect
of peripheral cueing on simple detection latency. Delay between cue onset and target onset, the contingent relationship between
cue location and target location, and instructions to subjects were manipulated. Results showed that a peripheral display
change could capture attention even when the target was far more likely to appear at an uncued location. When subjects were
explicitly informed that targets were likely to appear away from the cued location they were able to suppress this effect,
but were unable completely to reverse it by rapidly orienting attention towards the uncued side. Hence the process appears
to be automatic in the sense that it occurs unless there are explicit instructions to the contrary. With explicit instructions
the processing operation can be suppressed, but not completely reversed.
This work was supported by the U.K. Admiralty Research Establishment (Research Agreement No. 53482). 相似文献
57.
Clinical staff’s attributions about diabetes management were measured using newly developed scales. Eighty-five physicians
and nurses provided data to investigate the psychometric properties of the scales and to examine the patterns of attributions
made. Alpha coefficients for the 7 six-item scales were satisfactory, ranging from .51 to .73. A comparison between attributions
for positive and negative outcomes of diabetes management produced examples of self-serving bias. Comparisons were made with
data from 286 insulin-dependent diabetes patients. Staff tended to rate patients as having less personal control over positive
outcomes (t=2.94;df=338;p<.01) and tended to emphasize chance to a greater extent than did the patients (t=−4.32;df=338;p<.001). There was a tendency for staff to rate negative outcomes as being more foreseeable by the patients than the patients
did themselves (t=−3.11;df=346;p<.01). Both patients and staff demonstrated bias towards dispositional attributions. The implications of between and within
group differences in attribution patterns are discussed.
The research presented here was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health, U.S.A. (No. AM28196) and
from the British Diabetic Association to Dr. C. Bradley. 相似文献
58.
This study set out to investigate the relationship between the Type A behavior pattern, the need for approval, and the need
to prove oneself. One hundred and two subjects completed four questionnaires: two measuring A-type behavior, one social desirability,
and one—especially devised for this study—the belief in the need to prove oneself consistently. Results showed that Type A’s
have significantly lower needs for approval than Type B’s, yet appear to show considerably greater interest in comparing their
achievements with others. It seems that Type A’s do not have any special need to prove their worth to others, but that they
must constantly prove themselves to themselves. Limitations of this preliminary study are discussed. 相似文献
59.
Sixteen student volunteers were administered a placebo and 50 mg. of chlorpromazine in tablet form, on separate occasions,
two hours before testing. The three tests measured dichotic listening performance, lateral eye movements while answering questions
about spatial location and verbal meaning, and lateralized facial expression while relating pleasant and unpleasant life incidents.
Results showed that chlorpromazine increased the number of trials showing an ear advantage in dichotic listening. Chlorpromazine
reduced lateral and increased vertical eye movements in response to the questions about spatial location and verbal meaning.
Under the placebo both negative and positive emotions were expressed more in the left face. Although chlorpromazine did not
affect this lateralization of negative emotions, the expression of positive emotions occurred equally often on the two sides
of the face under chlorpromazine. Results may be related to an effect of chlorpromazine on the asymmetrical dopamine pathways
of the brain. It is suggested that the findings may be related to a left hemisphere deficit in schizophrenia. 相似文献
60.