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701.
Paul Ndebele Joseph Mfutso-Bengo Francis Masiye 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2008,29(5):331-340
The principle of individual medical confidentiality is one of the moral principles that Africa inherited unquestioningly from
the West as part of Western medicine. The HIV/AIDS pandemic in Southern Africa has reduced the relevance of the principle
of individual medical confidentiality. Individual medical confidentiality has especially presented challenges for practitioners
among the Bantu communities that are well known for their social inter-connectedness and the way they value their extended
family relations. Individual confidentiality has raised several unforeseen problems for persons living with HIV/AIDS, ranging
from stigma and isolation to feelings of dejection as it drives them away from their families as a way of trying to keep information
about their conditions confidential. The involvement of family members in treatment decisions is in line with the philosophy
of Ubuntu and serves to respect patients’ and families’ autonomy while at the same time benefiting the individual patient. 相似文献
702.
The challenges of dealing with disclosure of HIV status cause frustration to health care providers and counselors. This frustration
follows from the already known high risk to the third party on one hand and our ethical obligation to “respect persons” in
terms of privacy and confidentiality on the other side. Given the stubbornly low rates of voluntary disclosure (partner notification)
among couples, however, it is quite tempting to suggest a paradigm of routine third party disclosure to identifiable sexual
partners by health care providers. This might be the lesser of the two evils and might give better public health outcomes
in the fight against HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. 相似文献
703.
704.
Across three studies, we identify an asymmetry between gift-givers’ and gift-recipients’ beliefs about the link between gift price and feelings of appreciation. Gift-givers expected a positive correlation between how much they spent on a gift and the extent to which gift-recipients would appreciate the gift because gift-givers assume that more expensive gifts convey a higher level of thoughtfulness. Gift-recipients, in contrast, reported no such association between gift price and their actual feelings of appreciation. This effect occurred regardless of whether the individual’s role and the magnitude of the gift were manipulated or measured in the field. Taken together, these findings cast doubt on whether gift-givers can draw on their personal experience as gift-recipients in order to identify meaningful gifts for others. 相似文献
705.
Shelley A. Francis Wendy K. Lam Jessica D. Cance Vijaya K. Hogan 《Journal of religion and health》2009,48(2):164-177
This study examines African American faith based leaders’ attitudes and beliefs about providing HIV prevention education and
services to adolescents. Using a convenience sample, we identified priority adolescent health issues, attitudes about abstinence
messages, and willingness to provide and participate in HIV prevention. Leaders identified drugs, gangs, alcohol, sex, and
pregnancy as priority health issues affecting youth in their institutions. Leaders’ strongly preferred to emphasize abstinence
messages. Although leaders were willing to provide youth with health education, they were not willing to discuss specific
behaviors associated with HIV transmission. African American churches provide a venue to reach African American youth; however,
there are limitations to relying on faith-based HIV prevention services. HIV prevention education should continue to be supplemented
via parents, schools, and public health agencies.
相似文献
Shelley A. FrancisEmail: |
706.
G. Daniel Lassiter Matthew J. Lindberg Claudia González-Vallejo Francis S. Bellezza Nathaniel D. Phillips 《Psychological science》2009,20(6):671-675
ABSTRACT— Proponents of unconscious-thought theory assert that letting the unconscious "mull it over" can enhance decisions. In a series of recent studies, researchers demonstrated that participants whose attention was focused on solving a complex problem (i.e., those using conscious thought) made poorer choices, decisions, and judgments than participants whose attention was distracted from the problem (i.e., those purportedly using unconscious thought). We argue that this finding, rather than establishing the existence of a deliberation-without-attention effect, is explained more compellingly in terms of the well-established distinction between on-line and memory-based judgments. In Experiment 1 , we reversed the recent finding by simply changing participants' on-line processing goal from impression formation to memorization. Experiment 2 provided a replication and further established that some cognitive effort appears necessary to produce both the original pattern of results and its reversal, suggesting that such judgments are ultimately a product of conscious, rather than unconscious, thinking. 相似文献
707.
Cognitive procedural learning is characterised by three phases, each involving distinct processes. Considering the implication of episodic memory in the first cognitive stage, the impairment of this memory system might be responsible for a slowing down of the cognitive procedural learning dynamics in the course of ageing. Performances of massed cognitive procedural learning were evaluated in older and younger participants using the Tower of Toronto task. Nonverbal intelligence and psychomotor abilities were used to analyse procedural dynamics, while episodic memory and working memory were assessed to measure their respective contributions to learning strategies. This experiment showed that older participants did not spontaneously invoke episodic memory and presented a slowdown in the cognitive procedural learning associated with a late involvement of working memory. These findings suggest that the slowdown in the cognitive procedural learning may be linked with the implementation of different learning strategies less involving episodic memory in older participants. 相似文献
708.
Laurence Picard Isméry Reffuveille Francis Eustache Pascale Piolino 《Consciousness and cognition》2009,18(4):864-876
This study investigated the mechanisms behind episodic autobiographical memory (EAM) development in school-age children. Thirty children (6–11 years) performed a novel EAM test. We computed one index of episodicity via autonoetic consciousness and two indices of retrieval spontaneity (overall and EAM-specific) for a recent period (previous school year) and a more remote one (preschool years). Executive functions, and episodic and personal semantic memory were assessed. Results showed that recent autobiographical memories (AMs) were mainly episodic, unlike remote ones. An age-related increase in the indices of episodicity and specific spontaneity for recent AMs was mainly mediated by an age-related increase in the efficiency of the three cognitive abilities. Remote AMs varied only slightly with age (overall spontaneity), reflecting improvements in semantic abilities. Thus, EAM development in school-age children is essentially bound up with the increasing efficiency of cognitive abilities. Results are discussed in the light of models of childhood amnesia. 相似文献
709.
This study draws on three waves of the European Values Survey (conducted between 1981 and 1984, between 1989 and 1993, and between 1999 and 2004) across five countries for which full data are available (Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Spain, and Sweden) in order to address five research questions. Question one examined changes in religious affiliation. Across all five countries, the proportions of the non‐affiliated increased. Question two examined changes in church attendance. Across all five countries, the proportions of the non‐attenders increased. Question three examined changes in marital status. Across all five countries the proportions of the population checking the category ‘married’ declined, although in Spain the decline was marginal. Question four examined the association between religious affiliation and being married. The religious affiliated were more likely to be married than the non‐affiliated. Question five examined the association between church attendance and being married. Weekly attenders were more likely to be married than the non‐attenders. Overall these data support the close association between religion and marriage across five European countries (where there are very different religious climates) and support the hypothesis that changing religious values and changing family values go hand‐in‐hand. 相似文献
710.
Sofie Frederickx Peter Kuppens Francis Tuerlinckx Iven Van Mechelen 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(2):524-530
Recently, Kuppens, Van Mechelen, and Rijmen (2008) developed a method that allows researchers to examine and disentangle the
contributions of the different possible sources of variability in sequential processes that underlie psychological outcomes
or behaviors. Although this method may prove valuable for many research domains in the social sciences, its use may be limited
by its statistical complexity and the effort and programming skills required. We present an R package, called Desequens, intended to make this method easily accessible to social science researchers. The tool does not require any knowledge of
R, so that R laymen can easily apply the method to their data as well. We demonstrate the use of Desequens by means of a didactic
example. 相似文献