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121.
Francesco Coniglione 《Axiomathes》2009,19(4):353-372
This paper explicates the philosophical and epistemological background of the MIRRORS project, which is the starting point of the various contributions in this issue. Developments in the philosophy of science will be discussed, especially the watershed work of Kuhn, in order to analyze further developments in the sociology of science, particularly starting from the Strong Programme. Finally, it will be shown how a multidisciplinary approach in Science & Technology (S&T) studies, as opposed to an interdisciplinary one, is to be preferred. Specifically, the connection between this approach and the modelling and idealizational approaches to science is stressed and defended as the best available approach for the formation of a conscientious democratic knowledge-based society. 相似文献
122.
Francesco Coniglione 《Axiomathes》2009,19(4):351-352
This paper explicates the philosophical and epistemological background of the MIRRORS project, which is the starting point
of the various contributions in this issue. Developments in the philosophy of science will be discussed, especially the watershed
work of Kuhn, in order to analyze further developments in the sociology of science, particularly starting from the Strong
Programme. Finally, it will be shown how a multidisciplinary approach in Science & Technology (S&T) studies, as opposed to
an interdisciplinary one, is to be preferred. Specifically, the connection between this approach and the modelling and idealizational
approaches to science is stressed and defended as the best available approach for the formation of a conscientious democratic
knowledge-based society. 相似文献
123.
Ricca Edmondson Jane Pearce Markus H. Woerner 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2009,30(3):231-247
Exploring informal components of clinical reasoning, we argue that they need to be understood via the analysis of professional
wisdom. Wise decisions are needed where action or insight is vital, but neither everyday nor expert knowledge provides solutions.
Wisdom combines experiential, intellectual, ethical, emotional and practical capacities; we contend that it is also more strongly
social than is usually appreciated. But many accounts of reasoning specifically rule out such features as irrational. Seeking
to illuminate how wisdom operates, we therefore build on Aristotle’s work on informal reasoning. His account of rhetorical
communication shows how non-formal components can play active parts in reasoning, retaining, or even enhancing its reasonableness.
We extend this account, applying it to forms of healthcare-related reasoning which are characterised by the need for wise
decision-making. We then go on to explore some of what clinical wise reasoning may mean, concluding with a case taken from
psychotherapeutic practice.
相似文献
Ricca EdmondsonEmail: |
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125.
The intra- and interspecific aggressive behavior of Formica polyctena, a species of the Formica rufa group, was analyzed and quantified both in the laboratory and in the field. This behavior was used as a potential taxonomic tool for gaining a better understanding of the phyletic relationships among the species within the group. No overt aggression was recorded toward members of the same species. To examine interspecific relationships, F. polyctena was first confronted with F. cunicularia, to ascertain its aggressiveness toward a distantly related species. All such encounters led immediately to overt and prolonged attacks with virtually no initial mutual inspection. This suggests that recognition of strangeness of the unrelated species is almost immediate in F. polyctena, as previously observed in F. lugubris and F. rufa toward the same antagonist. Subsequently, F. polyctena was contrasted with F. lugubris and F. rufa (also belonging to the F. rufa group) in order to compare these related species. Fierce attacks accompanied by all the elements of conflict behavior were observed in all encounters. Moreover, the degree of aggression in the field was higher than in laboratory-paired ants, possibly because of a territorial effect. These data and our previous and similar research indicate that the relationships between F. lugubris and F. rufa are closer than between these two species and F. polyctena. In considering different viewpoints on this problem, the validity of the aggression test is discussed and the opportunity to compare levels of aggressiveness among strictly sympatric samples of red wood ant species gathered from the same ecological environment are considered. 相似文献
126.
Andrew Steptoe Linda Perkins-Porras Elisabeth Rink Sean Hilton Francesco P Cappuccio 《Health psychology》2004,23(6):574-581
This study assessed psychological and social factors predicting 12-month changes in fruit and vegetable consumption achieved by 271 men and women from a low-income population randomized to brief behavioral and nutrition education counseling. Greater increases in fruit and vegetable intake were achieved in the behavioral than in the nutrition education condition (1.49 vs. 0.87 portions per day, p=.021). Increases were predicted by baseline social support for dietary change but not by baseline psychological measures. However, short-term (8-week) changes in dietary self-efficacy, encouragement, anticipated regret, perceived benefits, and knowledge of recommended intake predicted 12-month changes in fruit and vegetable consumption independently of gender, age, ethnicity, income, and baseline intake. These factors accounted for 51% of the superiority of behavioral counseling over nutrition education. 相似文献
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129.
Many studies document the efficacy of psychotherapy for acute syndromes such as depression, but less is known about personality change in patients treated for personality pathology. The Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200; Westen & Shedler, 1999a, 1999b) is an assessment tool that measures a broad spectrum of personality constructs and is designed to bridge the gap between the clinical and empirical traditions in personality assessment. In this article, we demonstrate the use of the SWAP-200 as a measure of change in a case study of a patient diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. We collected assessment data at the start of treatment and after 2 years of psychotherapy. The findings illustrate the personality processes targeted in intensive psychotherapy for borderline personality. 相似文献
130.