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121.
Two experiments were conducted to assess sex stereotypes using the trait-inference method originated by Asch (1946). In both, subjects were asked to make inferences about the personality of a male or a female stimulus target who was introduced by a brief list of traits. In Experiment 1 this trait list described the target as either good or bad in intellectual activities and as either warm or cold while in Experiment 2 the introductory list comprised traits which are relatively neutral in terms of evaluation. Subjects rated the stimulus persons on adjective scales selected to reflect dimensions of personality perception reported in previous research. In both studies, male targets were rated significantly higher than females in terms of the Intellectual Desirability dimension. In addition, female targets tended to be rated higher on Communion in Experiment 1 (p<.06), and lower than males on Potency in Experiment 2 (p<.07). No differences as a function of stimulus sex were obtained for Social Desirability, Activity, and Agency. The results suggest that the dimension of implicit personality theory most closely associated with perceived sex differences is a combination of Intellectual Desirability and Potency. The male end of this dimension is relatively well defined by traits which convey a hard-headed, rational approach to problem solving. The female end is much less elaborated and consists of traits reflecting soft-heartedness. 相似文献
122.
T A Widiger J B Williams R L Spitzer A Frances 《Journal of personality assessment》1985,49(4):366-378
The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) has been interpreted as a measure of DSM-III disorders. However, the MCMI was constructed and validated primarily as a measure of Millon's (1969, 1981) taxonomy, not DSM-III. Comparison of the two taxonomies and examination of the MCMI's content validity for two of the MCMI scales indicate only a partial congruence between the Millon and DSM-III taxonomies. There has been no published empirical research concerning the relationship between the MCMI and DSM-III, and the derivation and cross-validation research for the MCMI scales employed Millon's taxonomy and not DSM-III. It is suggested that until such data have been presented one should be cautious in one's interpretation of the MCMI as a measure of DSM-III disorders. 相似文献
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Effects of harsh parenting and positive parenting practices on youth aggressive behavior: The moderating role of early pubertal timing
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127.
We address some of the individual points that Lombardi makes, some that we agree with and some that as infant mental health clinicians we do not agree with—for example, that at the beginning of life the mind is still not there—and try to show why we think that is. 相似文献
128.
Chris S. Dula E. Scott Geller Frances L. Chumney 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2011,30(4):324-334
Aggressive driving is a phenomenon that has taken on tremendous significance in society. While the issue has been studied
from perspectives of several disciplines, relatively few comprehensive empirical investigations have been conducted. This
may be due, at least in part, to a scarcity of comprehensive theoretical works in the field, from which methodical research
hypotheses could be derived. This paper reviews major extant theories of general aggression to offer a rationale for choosing
a particular framework to apply to the topic of aggressive driving. The social-cognitive model of aggressive driving is recommended,
as it takes into account wide-ranging cognitive, situational, and dispositional factors. Implications for future research
are also considered. 相似文献
129.
Nelson RM Beauchamp T Miller VA Reynolds W Ittenbach RF Luce MF 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2011,11(8):6-16
Our primary focus is on analysis of the concept of voluntariness, with a secondary focus on the implications of our analysis for the concept and the requirements of voluntary informed consent. We propose that two necessary and jointly sufficient conditions must be satisfied for an action to be voluntary: intentionality, and substantial freedom from controlling influences. We reject authenticity as a necessary condition of voluntary action, and we note that constraining situations may or may not undermine voluntariness, depending on the circumstances and the psychological capacities of agents. We compare and evaluate several accounts of voluntariness and argue that our view, unlike other treatments in bioethics, is not a value-laden theory. We also discuss the empirical assessment of individuals' perceptions of the degrees of noncontrol and self-control. We propose use of a particular Decision Making Control Instrument. Empirical research using this instrument can provide data that will help establish appropriate policies and procedures for obtaining voluntary consent to research. 相似文献
130.
Thomas LE Ambinder MS Hsieh B Levinthal B Crowell JA Irwin DE Kramer AF Lleras A Simons DJ Wang RF 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2006,13(5):891-895
Inhibition of return (IOR) has long been viewed as a foraging facilitator in visual search. We investigated the contribution
of IOR in a task that approximates natural foraging more closely than typical visual search tasks. Participants in a fully
immersive virtual reality environment manually searched an array of leaves for a hidden piece of fruit, using a wand to select
and examine each leaf location. Search was slower than in typical IOR paradigms, taking seconds instead of a few hundred milliseconds.
Participants also made a speeded response when they detected a flashing leaf that either was or was not in a previously searched
location. Responses were slower when the flashing leaf was in a previously searched location than when it was in an unvisited
location. These results generalize IOR to an approximation of a naturalistic visual search setting and support the hypothesis
that IOR can facilitate foraging. The experiment also constitutes the first use of a fully immersive virtual reality display
in the study of IOR. 相似文献