Spatial updating in superimposed real and virtual environments

Wang (2004) showed that people do not always simultaneously update their relationships to real and imagined environments in a dual-environment situation. Employing the same paradigm, we examined whether spatial updating operates on virtual reality as it does on a real or fictitious environment. Participants learned target locations in a real room and a virtual kitchen. Then they turned to face targets either in the room or in the kitchen, while blindfolded, and pointed to the targets before and after turning. Participants kept track of their orientation in both environments equally efficiently, regardless of explicit instructions. In contrast, when the real environment was described verbally but not directly perceived, participants automatically updated the virtual kitchen but not the room. These results suggest that people automatically update a virtual environment as they do a real one when the two environments are superimposed. The automaticity of spatial updating is discussed.     

现实预期和意愿预期在文本阅读中的激活强度

文本阅读中,读者往往对事件的后续发展进行预期推理。预期推理有两种倾向,要么是倾向于根据客观现实条件进行的现实预期,要么是倾向于根据主观个人意愿进行的意愿预期。两个实验探讨了文本阅读中读者产生的现实预期和意愿预期的激活强度。结果发现,现实预期和意愿预期都可以在阅读中即时产生,意愿预期强于现实预期;把读者分为"情感导向型"和"非情感导向型",发现"情感导向型"的读者,阅读过程中产生的意愿预期强于现实预期,而"非情感导向型"的读者则不是。     

浅淡佛教缘起观对傣医学的影响

论述了佛教缘起观的基本内容及缘起观对傣医学的影响.从生命观、疾病现、防治观等方面入手分析了"四塔五蕴"复合、离散的原因和规律,并在此基础上阐述生命健康与疾病的诸多实质内涵,以及"四塔五蕴"理论对临床的指导作用.对健康和疾病进行了理性阐述,为傣医学理论体系的构建奠定了基础.     

Sensitization and habituation regulate reinforcer effectiveness

We argue that sensitization and habituation occur to the sensory properties of reinforcers when those reinforcers are presented repeatedly or for a prolonged time. Sensitization increases, and habituation decreases, the ability of a reinforcer to control behavior. Supporting this argument, the rate of operant responding changes systematically within experimental sessions even when the programmed rate of reinforcement is held constant across the session. These within-session changes in operant responding are produced by repeated delivery of the reinforcer, and their empirical characteristics correspond to the characteristics of behavior undergoing sensitization and habituation. Two characteristics of habituation (dishabituation, stimulus specificity) are particularly useful in separating habituation from alternative explanations. Arguing that habituation occurs to reinforcers expands the domain of habituation. The argument implies that habituation occurs to biologically important, not just to neutral, stimuli. The argument also implies that habituation may be observed in “voluntary” (operant), not just in reflexive, behavior. Expanding the domain of habituation has important implications for understanding operant and classical conditioning. Habituation may also contribute to the regulation of motivated behaviors. Habituation provides a more accurate and a less cumbersome explanation for motivated behaviors than homeostasis. Habituation also has some surprising, and easily testable, implications for the control of motivated behaviors.     

中小学生推理能力和元认知与注意力的比较

以674名中小学生为被试(其中学优组270人,学中组241人,学困组163人),测量研究了三种不同学业成绩水平学生的逻辑推理能力、元认知以及注意力的不同发展特点,结果表明,学习中等生的注意力水平、逻辑推理能力与学习优秀生相比明显落后,而其元认知能力的发展与学习优秀生相比则基本相当,未表现出显著偏低的态势;学习困难生的逻辑推理能力、元认知能力与学习中等生相比显著偏低,在注意力水平上二者并不存在显著性差异.这对于教育的启示是:对学困生的干预补救应注重提高他们的元认知水平和逻辑推理能力,而对中等生的促进和提高则应以注意力水平与逻辑推理能力的提高为关键.     

Working with movement as a metaphor: Understanding the therapeutic impact of physical exercise from a gestalt perspective

Although the therapeutic impact of exercise on depression has been well documented, studies usually evaluate long-term fitness programmes and relate improved psychological well-being to changes in metabolism and physique. That exercise may stimulate affective and cognitive awareness and exploration is rarely acknowledged. This case study explores the contribution that client-chosen physical activity made to the counselling process. From a gestalt perspective, the experience of physical exercise seemed to heighten the client's present awareness, promoted the recognition and integration of conflicting facets of the self and provided a deep metaphor, both expressing and satisfying the client's needs for movement and activity (rather than passivity). The case example is unusual in illustrating how physical sporting exercise may be used as a vehicle for affective and cognitive expression.