CNS prophylaxis of childhood leukemia: What are the long-term neurological,neuropsychological, and behavioral effects?

Current medical treatments for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have improved the outlook to where more than 50% can be expected to survive five years or more. The use of CNS prophylaxis has contributed in a significant way to these improved survival statistics by reducing the likelihood of CNS relapses. The literature relating to the potential adverse psychological consequences of CNS prophylaxis, which include cranial radiation therapy (CRT), is reviewed and analyzed. The majority of published papers of children in first remission report that CNS prophylaxis, which include both CRT and intrathecal methotrexate, results in a variety of learning problems in many children who were younger than age 5 when treated. The available literature on the social, emotional, and educational sequelae of childhood ALL is also reviewed.Contributing Childrens Cancer Study Group investigators, institutions, and grant numbers are given in the Appendix. Address reprint requests to the Childrens Cancer Study Group, 440 East Huntington Drive, Suite 300, P.O. Box 60012, Arcadia, California 91066-6012.     

Reciprocal maturities: Spirit and psyche in pastoral counseling and spiritual direction

This article uses a model for integrating spiritual and psychological maturity (Conn, 1989) in theological anthropology to contend that there is a reciprocal relationship not only between spiritual and psychological maturity but also between pastoral counseling and spiritual direction. I review Christian spirituality in terms of maturity in relationship: to self, to others, and to God. Next is an examination of the prevailing attitude in pastoral counseling toward spirituality and spiritual direction. Then Conn's integration is assessed — of spirituality with psychology, of spiritual direction with pastoral counseling — as a combination of spiritual and hermeneutical perspectives on the maturing self.     

Boys will be boys (and girls will be girls): The attribution of gender role stereotypes in a gaming situation

This study tested one hypothesis concerning the attribution of gender role stereotypes about competitive behavior and three hypotheses concerning differences in attribution of sex between male and female subjects. The study used a Prisoner's Dilemma Game setting to expose subjects to one of three conditions (competitive, cooperative, or tit-for-tat) to measure attribution of sex to an unknown confederate. A chi-square analysis revealed significant differences in the attribution of sex to the anonymous confederate between the competitive and the combined cooperative and tit-for-tat groups. In the competitive condition, subjects were more prone to think that the anonymous confederate was male than were subjects in the cooperative and tit-for-tat condition. This finding is consistent with the gender role stereotype that generally associates competitive behavior with masculinity and not with femininity. Post hoc chi-squares also revealed no difference between male and female subjects in the attribution of sex in any of the three conditions. Implications of these findings are discussed.     

Attributional change and the importance of baseline recording

This single case study illustrates how attention to baseline measures prevented premature conclusions regarding the impact of a conditioning procedure upon aggressive, acting-out behavior. Five disruptive behaviors were initially delineated so that frequency distributions could be obtained. During the course of this 15-day observational period, a significant reduction in the number of these aggressive responses was noted. The proposed conditioning procedure was therefore never required. Explanations as well as implications regarding the observed alteration in behavior were discussed.     

Proxemics,locus of control,anxiety, and type of movement in emotionally disturbed and normal boys

In order to determine the interpersonal distancing requirements for emotionally disturbed and normal children and in order to investigate the relationship of locus of control and anxiety to interpersonal space, 20 emotionally disturbed and 20 normal boys were randomly required to approach an object person and to let the object person approach them until they felt uncomfortable. Results indicated that emotionally disturbed boys required more space than normals; that subjects would approach closer than they would allow the object person to approach them; and that externals required more space than internals. There were no significant differences between high and low anxious subjects, nor between emotionally disturbed children diagnostically classified as overanxious reaction and those with other diagnosis. Finally, neither anxiety nor locus of control explained the significant normal—emotionally disturbed differences in space requirements. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed as well as the relationship between the present and previous research.     

Women managers and fear of success: A study in the field

Reported here is the first stage of a study designed to test Matina Horner's fear of success (FOS) hypothesis in the field of management. A matched sample of 18 male and 18 female executives wrote stories for TAT-type verbal cues concerned with a successful management career. No significant differences were indicated between sexes in negative imagery, though both expressed anxiety toward success. Implications for Horner's hypothesis are discussed with respect to changing attitudes and expectations of men and women for each other and their relationships in business. The report concludes that understanding of FOS requires research on a broader representation of men and women actually involved in the pursuit of careers via ongoing studies in touch with rapidly changing times.This paper was presented, in part, at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting in Kansas City, Missouri, August 12, 1976.Special acknowledgment is made to Estelle D. Klinger, Jean M. Moore, Nancy L. Spear, Susan Vandenburg, and Rene Jackson-White for the ideas, time, and assistance they contributed to the research reported here.     

Methods for describing ordinal data with cardinal models

Several methods, both new and old, for describing ordinal data with a cardinal model are discussed in a newly developed and general context which broadens their applicability beyond their traditional use in multidimensional scaling. The relationships between the methods is investigated. It is shown that the two most commonly used methods (Guttman's rank-image principle and Kruskal's least-square monotonic transformation) are the boundary conditions of a newly proposed single parameter family of methods. An additional method is proposed which is shown to yield an equal-density model space. The commonly made distinction between “transformation” methods and “transformation-free” methods is shown to be a pseudodistinction. It is observed that all the methods can be stated as matrix operations on the model space with the conclusion that they try to optimize a linear combination of the model space.     

Comments on the “lens model” equation and the analysis of multiple-cue judgment tasks

It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the ‘Lens Model’ approach to the analysis of subject performance in multiple-cue judgment tasks embedded in probabilistic environments. Various characteristics of the linear lens model are presented in matrix notation and are formulated without reference to standardized variables in order to facilitate analysis and subsequent generalization. Some new results on ‘matching’ behavior are presented. A brief outline of current problems and related work is presented. This research was supported by National Institute of Health grant No. MH-16817.