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11.
Nima Ghorbani P. J. Watson Bart L. Weathington 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2009,28(4):211-224
In theory, mindfulness has a role to play in resolving intercultural conflicts. This suggestion rests upon the relatively
untested presumption that mindfulness operates similarly across cultures. In a test of this presumption, university students
from two countries that are often in conflict at the governmental level, Iran (N = 723) and the United States (N = 900), responded to the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (Brown and Ryan Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84(4):822–848,
2003), along with an array of other psychological measures. This Mindfulness Scale displayed structural complexities in both societies,
but a measurement invariant subscale was nevertheless identified. Similar cross-cultural evidence of concurrent validity was
obtained in relationships with wide-ranging measures of adjustment. Nonsignificant linkages with Public Self-Consciousness
and Self-Monitoring demonstrated discriminant validity in both societies. These data identified mindfulness as a cross-culturally
similar psychological process that could plausibly have a role in resolving intercultural conflicts. 相似文献
12.
This study examined the validity and incremental validity of the Constructive Thinking Inventory in a sample of Iranian managers. These 159 men were 39.9 yr. old (SD=2.5) and volunteered to participate in a project in which they responded to the Constructive Thinking Inventory, the Big Five Factors, the Costello and Comrey Depression and Anxiety Scales, and the Perceived Stress Scale. Numerous findings confirmed the validity of the Constructive Thinking Inventory, and the Global Constructive Thinking subscale displayed incremental validity. These data supported the validity of the Constructive Thinking Inventory and its associated theoretical assumptions in a sample of Iranian managers. 相似文献
13.
The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and the incremental validity of recently developed Reflective and Experiential Self-knowledge Scales. Along with measures of the Five Factors and of psychological adjustment, 201 male Iranian managers responded to the Self-knowledge Scales along with tests relevant to emotional intelligence, including the Trait Meta-mood Scale and the Constructive Thinking Inventory. As hypothesized, Self-knowledge Scales predicted greater self-reported emotional intelligence. Multiple regression also confirmed the incremental validity of these scales, showed each explained a separate source of variance, and supported the presumed temporal dynamics that theoretically underlie these constructs. 相似文献
14.
Previous research examining Iranian university students suggested that an Extrinsic Cultural Religious Orientation may be more important than an Extrinsic Social Religious motivation in maintaining Muslim religious commitments. The present project demonstrated that a similar conclusion seemed applicable to the largely Christian commitments of American university students. In the United States, an Extrinsic Cultural Religious Orientation Scale displayed a factor structure like that observed in Iran, was a more robust and consistent predictor of psychological adjustment than the Extrinsic Social Religious Orientation, and was sensitive to spiritual as well as religious dimensions of commitment. Peace and Justice and Cultural Foundations factors from this scale were relatively more positive in their adjustment implications than were Disorder Avoidance and Family and Social Order factors. Noteworthy contrasts between the present American and previous Iranian data appeared in Extrinsic Cultural Religious Orientation relationships with a sense of identity and with cognitive empathy. These results confirmed that the Extrinsic Cultural Religious Orientation deserves additional research attention in both Muslim and more secular Western societies. 相似文献
15.
16.
Alireza M. Tahmasb Nima Ghorbani P. J. Watson 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2008,27(3):169-176
An Integrative Self-Knowledge (ISK) Scale measures tendencies to engage in a cognitive process of uniting past, present, and
desired future self-experience into a meaningful whole. In the present project, 288 Iranian university students responded
to the ISK and Big Five scales and rated their dormitory roommates on these characteristics as well. These procedures most
importantly revealed a positive correlation between self- and peer-reported ISK. Self-reported ISK also predicted higher levels
of self-reported Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness to Experience, and this
pattern of relationships appeared with the peer-report data as well. In these results and also in correlations of the self-
with peer-report scales, associations of ISK with greater Emotional Stability and Openness to Experience were especially noteworthy.
This study confirmed the validity of the ISK scale and the adaptive behavioral significance of what it measures. 相似文献
17.
The authors used Iranian (N = 723) and American (N = 900) samples to develop an Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale for measuring a temporally integrated understanding of processes within the self. They administered this new instrument, the Mindfulness Scale (K. W. Brown & R. M. Ryan, 2003), the Reflective and Experiential Self-Knowledge Scales (N. Ghorbani, M. N. Bing, P. J. Watson, H. R. Davison, & D. L. Lebreton, 2003), and additional sample-specific measures to 3 separate groups of university students in each society. The Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale displayed internal reliability and measurement equivalence, along with convergent, criterion, discriminant, and incremental validity. This new instrument may be useful in promoting cross-cultural research in positive psychology. 相似文献
18.
Nima Ghorbani P. J. Watson Fatemeh Hamzavy Bart L. Weathington 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2010,29(2):135-143
Self-knowledge is a Muslim psychological ideal, but social theory suggests that the dynamics of narcissism and self-esteem
may challenge the stability of Muslim society. In Iranian university students, an Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale displayed
relationships with narcissism, self-esteem, and empathy that reflected relative mental health; and the Narcissistic Personality
Inventory included factors that pointed toward adjustment as well as maladjustment. Evidence that narcissism predicted positive
forms of self-functioning was more obvious in men than in women. Outcomes further confirmed that self-knowledge is as an adaptive
process in Iran and that narcissism and self-esteem may have noteworthy implications for understanding Muslim society. 相似文献
19.
This study sought to clarify the importance and cross-cultural relevance of associations between generalized perceived stress and depression. Also tested was the hypothesis that perceived stress would correlate more strongly with anxiety than with depression, whereas control would be more predictive of depression than of anxiety. Relationships between perceived stress, anxiety, depression, and perceived control were examined in samples of Iranian (n = 191) and American (n = 197) undergraduates. Correlations among these variables were generally similar across the two societies. Perceived stress did predict anxiety better than depression, but perceptions of control predicted depression significantly better than anxiety only in the United States. Best fitting structural equation models revealed that anxiety and perceived control completely accounted for the linkage between perceived stress and depression in both societies. An equally acceptable and more parsimonious model described perceived stress as a consequence rather than as an antecedent of anxiety and perceived control. Structural equation models were essentially identical across the two cultures except that internal control displayed a significant negative relationship with anxiety only in Iran. This result seemed to disconfirm any possible suggestion that a supposedly individualistic process like internal control could have no noteworthy role within a presumably more collectivistic Muslim society like Iran. Overall, these data documented the importance of anxiety and perceived control in explaining the perceived stress-depression relationship cross-culturally and therefore questioned the usefulness of perceived stress in predicting depression. Whether this understanding of the stress-depression relationship deserves general acceptance will require additional studies that measure the frequency of stressful life events and that utilize a longitudinal design. 相似文献
20.
Nima Ghorbani P. J. Watson Stephen W. Krauss Mark N. Bing H. Kristl Davison 《Current Psychology》2004,23(2):111-123
This investigation most importantly sought to illustrate the use of social science to promote cross-cultural dialogue. Fukuyama
(1992) explained contemporary cultural trends in terms of a triumphant individualism that would overcome all other forms of
social life, including what he described as the “fundamentalist resentment” of Iran. Lasch (1979) more pessimistically diagnosed
Western social arrangements in terms of an emerging “culture of narcissism.” In this study, Iranian and American university
students responded to measures of narcissism, individualist and collectivist values, religious interest, and psychological
adjustment (identity, self-actualization, and self-consciousness). Variables related to a sense of community (collectivist
values, religious interest, and identity) correlated negatively with narcissism in both societies, as did self-actualization.
These data supported a moderate position between the polarized extremes of Fukuyama and Lasch and more importantly demonstrated
how social scientific methods might be useful in creating a “space” for conducting a “dialogue between civilizations.” 相似文献