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981.
982.
983.
Johnson MK Raye CL Mitchell KJ Greene EJ Cunningham WA Sanislow CA 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2005,5(3):339-361
Using fMRI, we investigated the functional organization of prefrontal cortex (PFC) as participants briefly thought of a single
just-experienced item (i.e., refreshed an active representation). The results of six studies, and a meta-analysis including previous studies, identified regions
in left dorsolateral, anterior, and ventrolateral PFC associated in varying degrees with refreshing different types of information
(visual and auditory words, drawings, patterns, people, places, or locations). In addition, activity increased in anterior
cingulate with selection demands and in orbitofrontal cortex when a nonselected item was emotionally salient, consistent with
a role for these areas in cognitive control (e.g., overcoming “mental rubbernecking”). We also found evidence that presenting
emotional information disrupted an anterior component of the refresh circuit. We suggest that refreshing accounts for some
neural activity observed in more complex tasks, such as working memory, long-term memory, and problem solving, and that its
disruption (e.g., from aging or emotion) could have a broad impact. 相似文献
984.
Hannon EE Snyder JS Eerola T Krumhansl CL 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2004,30(5):956-974
A number of different cues allow listeners to perceive musical meter. Three experiments examined effects of melodic and temporal accents on perceived meter in excerpts from folk songs scored in 6/8 or 3/4 meter. Participants matched excerpts with 1 of 2 metrical drum accompaniments. Melodic accents included contour change, melodic leaps, registral extreme, melodic repetition, and harmonic rhythm. Two experiments with isochronous melodies showed that contour change and melodic repetition predicted judgments. For longer melodies in the 2nd experiment, variables predicted judgments best at the beginning of excerpts. The final experiment, with rhythmically varied melodies, showed that temporal accents, tempo, and contour change were the strongest predictors of meter. The authors' findings suggest that listeners combine multiple melodic and temporal features to perceive musical meter. 相似文献
985.
Cunningham WA Johnson MK Raye CL Chris Gatenby J Gore JC Banaji MR 《Psychological science》2004,15(12):806-813
In a study of the neural components of automatic and controlled social evaluation, White participants viewed Black and White faces during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. When the faces were presented for 30 ms, activation in the amygdala-a brain region associated with emotion-was greater for Black than for White faces. When the faces were presented for 525 ms, this difference was significantly reduced, and regions of frontal cortex associated with control and regulation showed greater activation for Black than White faces. Furthermore, greater race bias on an indirect behavioral measure was correlated with greater difference in amygdala activation between Black and White faces, and frontal activity predicted a reduction in Black-White differences in amygdala activity from the 30-ms to the 525-ms condition. These results provide evidence for neural distinctions between automatic and more controlled processing of social groups, and suggest that controlled processes may modulate automatic evaluation. 相似文献
986.
A Critical Review of the Clinical Effects of Therapeutic Irradiation Damage to the Brain: The Roots of Controversy 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
We critically examined the damaging affects of therapeutic irradiation by comparing results from cross-disciplinary studies of early- and late-delayed radiotherapy effects. Focus is attained by concentrating on clinical treatment issues (volume of brain, dose, timing of effects, age, modality types, and stereotactic treatment techniques), rather than on methodological means or problems, which is necessary to understand the mechanisms and characteristics of radiotherapy-induced behavioral dysfunction including cognition. We make observations and hypotheses about the actual risks from radiotherapy that could be informative in the treatment decision process, and which may lessen the concerns of some patients and their families about the risks they take when receiving radiation. Conditions that predispose to radiation injury are reviewed: (1) higher doses even to part of the brain versus lower doses to the whole brain, (2) combined treatment modalities, (3) malignancy itself, (4) radiation early during postnatal brain development, and (5) late-delayed effects (more than 3 years posttreatment). Current neurocognitive frameworks for understanding cognitive change over time in children and adults are summarized, along with the literature on effects of brain tumors and treatment on depression. No studies have as yet identified candidate brain regions that are more sensitive to radiotherapy. Two studies have provided early, preliminary evidence for a specific vulnerability of visual attention/memory to the early stage of late radiation damage. Furthermore, radiation effects appear severe only in a minority of patients. Risk is related to direct and indirect effects of cancer type, concurrent clinical factors, and premorbid risk factors. 相似文献
987.
It is often asserted that Black Americans have made no IQ gains on White Americans. Until recently, there have been no adequate data to measure trends in Black IQ. We analyzed data from nine standardization samples for four major tests of cognitive ability. These data suggest that Blacks gained 4 to 7 IQ points on non-Hispanic Whites between 1972 and 2002. Gains have been fairly uniform across the entire range of Black cognitive ability. 相似文献
988.
The widely used Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS; R. P. Mattick & J. C. Clarke, 1998) possesses favorable psychometric properties, but questions remain concerning its factor structure and item properties. Analyses included 445 people with social anxiety disorder and 1,689 undergraduates. Simple unifactorial models fit poorly, and models that accounted for differences due to item wording (i.e., reverse scoring) provided superior fit. It was further found that clients and undergraduates approached some items differently, and the SIAS may be somewhat overly conservative in selecting analogue participants from an undergraduate sample. Overall, this study provides support for the excellent properties of the SIAS's straightforwardly worded items, although questions remain regarding its reverse-scored items. 相似文献
989.
More than 50 years after the appearance of the motor theory of speech perception, it is timely to evaluate its three main
claims that (1) speech processing is special, (2) perceiving speech is perceiving gestures, and (3) the motor system is recruited
for perceiving speech. We argue that to the extent that it can be evaluated, the first claim is likely false. As for the second
claim, we review findings that support it and argue that although each of these findings may be explained by alternative accounts,
the claim provides a single coherent account. As for the third claim, we review findings in the literature that support it
at different levels of generality and argue that the claim anticipated a theme that has become widespread in cognitive science. 相似文献
990.
Walthew C Gilchrist ID 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2006,32(5):1294-1301
Target location probability was manipulated in a visual search task. When the target was twice as likely to appear on 1 side of the display as the other, manual button-press response times were faster (Experiment 1A) and first saccades were more frequently directed (Experiment 1B) to the more probable locations. When the target appeared with equal probability at each location in this search task, performance benefited from repetition of target location in the preceding trials (Experiment 2). When the trial sequence was constrained so that target location did not repeat within a series of 4 trials, there was no longer an advantage for more probable locations (Experiment 3). The authors conclude that the search benefits for more probable locations resulted from short-term target location repetitions. 相似文献