城市父亲参与儿童教养的特点及其与性别角色的关系

以400名3到7岁城市儿童的父亲为被试,考察父亲参与教养的基本特点及其与性别角色的关系.结果发现,小学一年级儿童的父亲对子女的规则约束显著多于幼儿园小班和中班儿童父亲,父亲参与教养水平不存在儿童性别的显著差异.双性化的父亲对儿童的互动监督、规则约束、情感表达、间接支持、学业鼓励均显著多于其他性别角色的父亲;男性化的父亲对儿童的规则约束显著多于女性化的父亲;女性化的父亲在互动监督、情感表达、间接支持和学业鼓励方面均显著多于未分化的父亲.     

Attentional resources in visual tracking through occlusion: the high-beams effect

A considerable amount of research has uncovered heuristics that the visual system employs to keep track of objects through periods of occlusion. Relatively little work, by comparison, has investigated the online resources that support this processing. We explored how attention is distributed when featurally identical objects become occluded during multiple object tracking. During tracking, observers had to detect small probes that appeared sporadically on targets, distracters, occluders, or empty space. Probe detection rates for these categories were taken as indexes of the distribution of attention throughout the display and revealed two novel effects. First, probe detection on an occluder’s surface was better when either a target or distractor was currently occluded in that location, compared to when no object was behind that occluder. Thus even occluded (and therefore invisible) objects recruit object-based attention. Second, and more surprising, probe detection for both targets and distractors was always better when they were occluded, compared to when they were visible. This new attentional high-beams effect indicates that the ability to track through occlusion, though seemingly effortless, in fact requires the active allocation of special attentional resources.     

NCCN成人临床癌痛指南中心理问题、精神症状和精神用药的解读

疼痛的体验是主观的,疼痛与痛苦相伴而行。NCCN成人癌痛指南对癌痛的评估和治疗中涉及大量的心理问题与干预、精神症状评估和精神药物应用,本文力求对这方面进行解读,以揭示癌痛治疗中对人的尊重和对“总疼痛”的理解。     

A temporal same-object advantage in the tunnel effect: facilitated change detection for persisting objects

Meaningful visual experience requires computations that identify objects as the same persisting individuals over time, motion, occlusion, and featural change. This article explores these computations in the tunnel effect: When an object moves behind an occluder, and then an object later emerges following a consistent trajectory, observers irresistibly perceive a persisting object, even when the pre- and postocclusion views contrast featurally. This article introduces a new change detection method for quantifying percepts of the tunnel effect. Observers had to detect color changes in displays where several objects oscillated behind occluders and occasionally changed color. Across comparisons with several types of spatiotemporal gaps, as well as manipulations of occlusion versus implosion, performance was better when objects' kinematics gave the impression of a persisting individual. The results reveal a temporal same-object advantage: better change detection across temporal scene fragments bound into the same persisting object representations. This suggests that persisting objects are the underlying units of visual memory.     

多巴胺系统多基因与青少年攻击行为的U型关系：母亲消极教养的调节作用

多巴胺活性与攻击相关的脑功能活动呈倒U型关系。本研究对1044名汉族青少年(初次测评时M age=13.32±0.49岁,50.2%女生)的攻击行为进行间隔一年的两次测评,采用多基因累积分范式考察多巴胺系统的多基因功能积分与青少年攻击行为间的关系以及母亲消极教养的调节作用。结果发现,多巴胺系统多基因累积分二次项与母亲消极教养交互影响两个时间点的青少年攻击行为：在较高母亲消极教养条件下,携带较多或较少低多巴胺活性相关等位基因的青少年表现出高水平的攻击行为,呈U型关系;在较低母亲消极教养条件下,多基因累积分二次项与青少年的攻击行为关系不显著。本研究为多巴胺系统基因的联合效应与母亲消极教养调节青少年攻击行为的基因作用机制提供证据。     

英国本科医学教育培养目标的嬗变——基于《明日的医生》报告的解读

英国医学总会在1993年、2003年和2009年先后出版了三份《明日的医生》报告,为本科医学教育提供了综合性框架,指导本科医学课程设计和评价体系的形成.从知识、技能、医学伦理和职业道德三个层面,比较英国本科医学教育人才培养目标的嬗变,发现其要求不断趋于全面、细化、深入.并进一步分析了政治、多元文化、国家医疗政策、医学领域自身及医学教育内部等诸因素对英国本科医学教育的影响,以期为我国的本科医学教育提供借鉴.     

儿童社会认识论:儿童对信息提供者的选择性信任

个体掌握的知识很多来自于他人的传授。从4岁起,儿童就意识到不同的信息提供者在可靠性上存在差异。他们根据与提供者间的熟悉程度、提供者过往陈词的准确性、以及来自他人的线索等策略对于信息提供者的可靠性进行评估,从而决定谁更值得信任。未来关于儿童对于信息提供者选择性信任的研究应从扩展探究的知识领域、对于信息提供者其他特征的操纵、以及潜在文化差异检验等方面进行。     

物理温度向社会情感的隐喻映射:作用机制及其解释

基于概念隐喻理论的视角,大量行为与神经层面上的研究都揭示了温度与社会情感之间的隐喻关联有着更深层次的心理意义.“隐喻一致性效应”与“隐喻补偿效应”被用来阐述温度-社会情感隐喻的作用机制.而个体早期经验的不断“架构”构成了对这一隐喻形成的解释.此外,神经层面的研究也发现,脑岛可能是物理温度向社会情感隐喻映射的神经基础.未来的研究需从完善研究方法、深化作用机制、从发展的角度探索形成机制的研究以及注重温度-社会情感隐喻研究的应用拓展等几个方面着手.     

ACC／AHA成人慢性心力衰竭诊疗指南的评解

美国心脏病学会／心脏学会（ACC／AHA）于2005年底对2001年的成人慢性心力衰竭（心衰）诊疗指南进行了更新。该指南不仅延用了过去的纽约心脏病学会（NYHA）心功能分级,而且采用了心脏病病程分期,对于准确估计心脏病程度、指导临床治疗和评估预后有重要的价值。该指南不仅进一步肯定了神经内分泌拮抗剂在心衰治疗中的地位,同时确立了器械治疗在心衰中的应用价值。     

上海医院服务信息符号环境需求分析和建议

通过对上海22家不同级别和类型的医院就医标识信息服务环境的调查研究,分析了上海目前主要医院就医信息符号服务环境的现状与特点,提出了改善就医信息服务环境,建设“以人为本”的、符合中国国情的就医信息服务环境的建议。