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患者知情同意权实现的伦理思考与法律保护 总被引:28,自引:5,他引:23
随着医学科学的发展,患者的知情同意已是医学实践的一个基本伦理观念和原则,但是,它的实现不仅需要道德规范的约束,而且还需要法律的保护. 相似文献
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Jesse Fitts 《Philosophical Studies》2014,170(2):343-358
Chalmers (Mind 120(479): 587–636, 2011a) presents an argument against “referentialism” (and for his own view) that employs Bayesianism. He aims to make progress in a debate over the objects of belief, which seems to be at a standstill between referentialists and non-referentialists. Chalmers’ argument, in sketch, is that Bayesianism is incompatible with referentialism, and natural attempts to salvage the theory, Chalmers contends, requires giving up referentialism. Given the power and success of Bayesianism, the incompatibility is prima facie evidence against referentialism. In this paper, I review Chalmers’ arguments and give some responses on behalf of the referentialist. 相似文献
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Douglas A. Fitts 《Behavior research methods》2018,50(5):1988-2003
The variable criteria sequential stopping rule (vcSSR) is an efficient way to add sample size to planned ANOVA tests while holding the observed rate of Type I errors, αo, constant. The only difference from regular null hypothesis testing is that criteria for stopping the experiment are obtained from a table based on the desired power, rate of Type I errors, and beginning sample size. The vcSSR was developed using between-subjects ANOVAs, but it should work with p values from any type of F test. In the present study, the αo remained constant at the nominal level when using the previously published table of criteria with repeated measures designs with various numbers of treatments per subject, Type I error rates, values of ρ, and four different sample size models. New power curves allow researchers to select the optimal sample size model for a repeated measures experiment. The criteria held αo constant either when used with a multiple correlation that varied the sample size model and the number of predictor variables, or when used with MANOVA with multiple groups and two levels of a within-subject variable at various levels of ρ. Although not recommended for use with χ2 tests such as the Friedman rank ANOVA test, the vcSSR produces predictable results based on the relation between F and χ2. Together, the data confirm the view that the vcSSR can be used to control Type I errors during sequential sampling with any t- or F-statistic rather than being restricted to certain ANOVA designs. 相似文献
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Douglas A. Fitts 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(1):3-22
Sequential stopping rules (SSRs) should augment traditional hypothesis tests in many planned experiments, because they can provide the same statistical power with up to 30% fewer subjects without additional education or software. This article includes new Monte-Carlo-generated power curves and tables of stopping criteria based on the p values from simulated t tests and one-way ANOVAs. The tables improve existing SSR techniques by holding alpha very close to a target value when 1–10 subjects are added at each iteration. The emphasis is on small sample sizes (3–40 subjects per group) and large standardized effect sizes (0.8–2.0). The generality of the tables for dependent samples and one-tailed tests is discussed. SSR methods should be of interest to ethics bodies governing research when it is desirable to limit the number of subjects tested, such as in studies of pain, experimental disease, or surgery with animal or human subjects. 相似文献
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A sample of 258 college students responded to three items in Likert-format designed by the authors to elicit information relating directly to the three criteria for body-dysmorphic disorder described in DSM-III-R (1987). 70% of the participants endorsed some agreement with an item regarding dissatisfaction with some aspect(s) of their bodies. 46% indicated some preoccupation with this aspect of their appearance, and 48% indicated some exaggeration of their perceived body image. Sex differences were significant on all three items. 28% of the sample endorsed all three of the items taken together. These results raise questions about the utility of a diagnosis which, as it is currently defined, could conceivably apply to a large percentage of the population and which disproportionately targets women. 相似文献
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P M Fitts 《Journal of experimental psychology. General》1966,71(6):849-857