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91.
92.
Peter Fischer Eva Jonas Dieter Frey Stefan Schulz‐Hardt 《European journal of social psychology》2005,35(4):469-492
In research on selective exposure to information, people have been found to predominantly seek information supporting rather than conflicting with their opinion. In most of these studies, participants were allowed to search for as many pieces of information as they liked. However, in many situations, the amount of information that people can search for is restricted. We report four experiments addressing this issue. Experiment 1 suggests that objective limits regarding the maximum number of pieces of information the participants could search for increases the preference for selecting supporting over conflicting information. In Experiment 2, just giving participants a cue about information scarcity induces the same effect, even in the absence of any objective restrictions. Finally, Experiment 3 and 4 clarify the underlying psychological process by showing that information limits increase selective exposure to information because information search is guided by the expected information quality, which is basically biased towards supporting information, and information limits act to reinforce this tendency. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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95.
Matthies S van Elst LT Feige B Fischer D Scheel C Krogmann E Perlov E Ebert D Philipsen A 《Journal of personality disorders》2011,25(1):101-114
Some evidence points to an increased rate of cluster B and C personality disorders (PDs) in adult ADHD patients. In order to assess axis II disorders comprehensively we used the diagnostic instrument of the WHO. In sixty adult out-patients with ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria PDs were assessed with the International PD Examination (IPDE) and severity of childhood ADHD with the Wender-Utah-Rating Scale (WURS). We found at least one PD in 25% of cases. Cluster C PDs were most common (36.6%) followed by Cluster B (23.3%) and A (8.3%). Avoidant (21.7%) and borderline (18.3%) were the most frequent single PD entities. ADHD patients with PD suffered from significantly more severe childhood ADHD compared to those without co-occurring PD. Applying the IPDE we confirmed a high number of PDs among adult ADHD patients. Our findings point to a higher vulnerability for the development of PDs in patients with severe childhood ADHD. 相似文献
96.
Schleyer M Saumweber T Nahrendorf W Fischer B von Alpen D Pauls D Thum A Gerber B 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2011,18(10):639-653
Drosophila larvae combine a numerically simple brain, a correspondingly moderate behavioral complexity, and the availability of a rich toolbox for transgenic manipulation. This makes them attractive as a study case when trying to achieve a circuit-level understanding of behavior organization. From a series of behavioral experiments, we suggest a circuitry of chemosensory processing, odor-tastant memory trace formation, and the "decision" process to behaviorally express these memory traces--or not. The model incorporates statements about the neuronal organization of innate vs. conditioned chemosensory behavior, and the types of interaction between olfactory and gustatory pathways during the establishment as well as the behavioral expression of odor-tastant memory traces. It in particular suggests that innate olfactory behavior is responsive in nature, whereas conditioned olfactory behavior is captured better when seen as an action in pursuit of its outcome. It incorporates the available neuroanatomical and behavioral data and thus should be useful as scaffold for the ongoing investigations of the chemo-behavioral system in larval Drosophila. 相似文献
97.
Mary J. Fischer 《Social Psychology of Education》2011,14(4):547-574
College campuses are among the most racially diverse settings in our segregated society. For many students, especially non-Hispanic
whites, college represents the first time they have come into significant contact with members of other groups. Using data
from the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, this paper explores the effects of campus diversity and various types of
interracial contact on the racial and ethnic attitudes of white students over the course of four years in college. The findings
are largely consistent with the contact hypothesis, particularly with respect to changes in attitudes towards blacks. White
students who report having a close friend who is black and those who have dated or had a romantic partner who is black express
less social distance towards blacks in their senior year, as do white students who were involved in extracurricular activities
in which blacks are the majority. Participating in extracurricular activities dominated by blacks is also associated with
more positive views of the impact of affirmative action on academic standards expressed as students were leaving college.
Although there is evidence that both stereotypes and social distance towards groups are mitigated by intergroup contact, stereotypes
appeared to be somewhat more resistant to change. The findings suggest that institutions should continue efforts to diversify
their student populations, and also promote involvement in extracurricular activities for students from all groups. 相似文献
98.
Michal Fischer 《Psychopraxis》2011,14(4):17-19
Eine kurze Geschichte der Diagnose des frühkindlichen Autismus leitet diesen übersichtsartikelein. Die autistische St?rung
zeichnet sich durch drei Hauptsymptomgruppen aus: St?rung der sozialen Interaktion, St?rung der Kommunikation, und stereotype,
eingeschr?nkte Verhaltensmuster und Interessen.
Aktuelle Kenntnisse im Bereich der ?tiopathogenese wurden kurz zusammengefasst. Diagnostische und differenzialdiagnostische
Grundlagen werden diskutiert. Ein kurzer überblick der Pharmakotherapie des Autismus schlie?t die übersicht. 相似文献
99.
Advances in science are the combined result of the efforts of a great many scientists, and in many cases, their willingness
to share the products of their research. These products include data sets, both small and large, and unique research resources
not commercially available, such as cell lines and software programs. The sharing of these resources enhances both the scope
and the depth of research, while making more efficient use of time and money. However, sharing is not without costs, many
of which are borne by the individual who develops the research resource. Sharing, for example, reduces the uniqueness of the
resources available to a scientist, potentially influencing the originator’s perceived productivity and ultimately his or
her competitiveness for jobs, promotions, and grants. Nevertheless, for most researchers—particularly those using public funds—sharing
is no longer optional but must be considered an obligation to science, the funding agency, and ultimately society at large.
Most funding agencies, journals, and professional societies now require a researcher who has published work involving a unique
resource to make that resource available to other investigators. Changes could be implemented to mitigate some of the costs.
The creator of the resource could explore the possibility of collaborating with those who request it. In addition, institutions
that employ and fund researchers could change their policies and practices to make sharing a more attractive and viable option.
For example, when evaluating an individual’s productivity, institutions could provide credit for the impact a researcher has
had on their field through the provision of their unique resources to other investigators, regardless of whether that impact
is reflected in the researcher’s list of publications. In addition, increased funding for the development and maintenance
of user-friendly public repositories for data and research resources would also help to reduce barriers to sharing by minimizing
the time, effort, and funding needed by individual investigators to comply with requests for their unique resource. Indeed,
sharing is an imperative, but it is also essential to find ways to protect for both the original owner of the resource and
those wishing to share it. 相似文献
100.
Gaze-following, the tendency to direct one's attention to locations looked at by others, is a crucial aspect of social cognition in human and nonhuman primates. Whereas the development of gaze-following has been intensely studied in human infants, its early ontogeny in nonhuman primates has received little attention. Combining longitudinal and cross-sectional observational data from Barbary macaques at 'La Forêt des Singes', we show here that gaze-following among conspecifics develops within the first year of life with a rapid increase between 5 and 6 months, reaching adult levels at 1 year. Sex, rank, and relatedness of the animal whose gaze the subject followed did not affect gaze-following rates. Interestingly, however, the behavior was enhanced in all age classes if a gaze-cue was accompanied by a facial expression. Furthermore, the effect of facial expressions had a modulatory influence on the ontogenetic trajectory of gaze-following, suggesting that it is of functional significance in the development of the behavior. Follow-up analyses revealed that one specific facial expression that is given in response to social interactions between third parties was particularly efficient in eliciting gaze-following responses, indicating the importance of cues that are able to guide the acquisition of social information. Taken together, these results suggest that the development and the operation of gaze-following are tuned to the social and physical characteristics of a species' environment. 相似文献