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141.
Samuel Shaki Martin H. Fischer William M. Petrusic 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(2):328-331
This study compared the spatial representation of numbers in three groups of adults: Canadians, who read both English words
and Arabic numbers from left to right; Palestinians, who read Arabic words and Arabic-Indic numbers from right to left; and
Israelis, who read Hebrew words from right to left but Arabic numbers from left to right. Canadians associated small numbers
with left and large numbers with right space (the SNARC effect), Palestinians showed the reverse association, and Israelis
had no reliable spatial association for numbers. These results suggest that reading habits for both words and numbers contribute
to the spatial representation of numbers. 相似文献
142.
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146.
Jean-Paul Fischer 《International journal of psychology》1996,31(2):111-130
Dans cette recherche, nous cherchons à éprouver la pertinence de la distinction de deux mémoires qualifiées d'exacte et d'inférentielle. Dans les deux expériences, sur 140 élèves de Cours Moyen et 456 étudiants respectivement, les sujets prennent d'abord connaissance d'un matériel numérique: un problème arithmétique ou un calcul mental (e.g. 86 + 47 + 93 + 52). Ensuite, ils sont interrogés à la fois sur des données exactes contenues dans ce matériel et sur des données susceptibles d'en ětre inférées. La recherche ne confirme pas clairement une indépendance des deux types de mémoire. En revanche, elle apporte des évidences en faveur d'une moindre sensibilité à l'amorçage de la mémoire exacte. Elle suggère aussi que l'effet de distance peut, en calcul mental, ětre différencié suivant les opérations arithmétiques: les opérations additives y sont plus sensibles que les opérations multiplicatives. 相似文献
147.
Dana M. Truman David M. Tokar Ann R. Fischer 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1996,74(6):555-562
Sexual assault in general and date rape in particular are major issues for practitioners, educators, and researchers in counseling. This study sought to extend and refine existing research on the links between masculine gender roles and date rape by exploring 3 masculinity-related constructs that, until recently, have received relatively little attention in the context of rape research: masculinity ideology, attitudes toward feminism, and homophobia. In general, combinations of masculinity-related constructs were found to predict self-reported acceptance or perpetration of sexually coercive behaviors. Specifically, multiple regression analyses revealed that attitudes toward feminism and various, specific dimensions of masculinity ideology (vs. a global assessment, as in previous research) predicted unique variance in several types of date rape-supportive attitudes and beliefs: the Facade/Counterdependence dimension of masculinity ideology also predicted unique variance in self-reported history of sexual coercion. Implications for prevention, education, and future research are discussed. 相似文献
148.
Sonya M. Fischer Brian A. Iwata Jodi L. Mazaleski 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1997,30(2):239-249
Results of recent research have shown that noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) can be effective in reducing the frequency of behavior problems. In typical NCR applications, the reinforcer that is responsible for behavioral maintenance (as demonstrated through a functional analysis) no longer follows occurrences of the target behavior but instead is delivered according to a time-based schedule. Thus, it is unclear if NCR would be effective if the target behavior continued to be reinforced or if arbitrary reinforcers (i.e., those irrelevant to behavioral maintenance) were substituted for the maintaining reinforcers in the NCR procedure. In this study, 2 individuals whose self-injurious behavior (SIB) was maintained by positive reinforcement were exposed to conditions in which arbitrary and maintaining reinforcers were withheld and were delivered either contingently or noncontingently. Results indicated that noncontingent delivery of arbitrary reinforcers was effective in reducing SIB even though occurrences of SIB produced access to the maintaining reinforcer. These results suggest that (a) arbitrary reinforcers may sometimes be substituted for maintaining reinforcers, (b) an important component of NCR procedures is alteration of a behavior's establishing operation, and (c) NCR with arbitrary reinforcers might therefore be effective when maintaining reinforcers cannot be identified or withheld during the course of treatment. 相似文献
149.
Isabelle Y Liberman Donald Shankweiler F.William Fischer Bonnie Carter 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1974,18(2):201-212
To write a language, one must first abstract the unit to be used from the acoustic stream of speech. Writing systems based on the meaningless units, syllables and phonemes, were late developments in the history of written language. The alphabetic system, which requires abstraction of the phonemic unit of speech, was the last to appear, evolved from a syllabary and, unlike the other systems, was apparently invented only once. It might therefore be supposed that phoneme segmentation is particularly difficult and more difficult, indeed, than syllable segmentation. Speech research suggests reasons why this may be so. The present study provides direct evidence of a similar developmental ordering of syllable and phoneme segmentation abilities in the young child. By means of a task which required preschool, kindergarten, and first-grade children to tap out the number of segments in spoken utterances, it was found that, though ability in both syllable and phoneme segmentation increased with grade level, analysis into phonemes was significantly harder and perfected later than analysis into syllables. The relative difficulties of the different units of segmentation are discussed in relation to reading acquisition. 相似文献
150.