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131.
Gaze-following, the tendency to direct one's attention to locations looked at by others, is a crucial aspect of social cognition in human and nonhuman primates. Whereas the development of gaze-following has been intensely studied in human infants, its early ontogeny in nonhuman primates has received little attention. Combining longitudinal and cross-sectional observational data from Barbary macaques at 'La Forêt des Singes', we show here that gaze-following among conspecifics develops within the first year of life with a rapid increase between 5 and 6 months, reaching adult levels at 1 year. Sex, rank, and relatedness of the animal whose gaze the subject followed did not affect gaze-following rates. Interestingly, however, the behavior was enhanced in all age classes if a gaze-cue was accompanied by a facial expression. Furthermore, the effect of facial expressions had a modulatory influence on the ontogenetic trajectory of gaze-following, suggesting that it is of functional significance in the development of the behavior. Follow-up analyses revealed that one specific facial expression that is given in response to social interactions between third parties was particularly efficient in eliciting gaze-following responses, indicating the importance of cues that are able to guide the acquisition of social information. Taken together, these results suggest that the development and the operation of gaze-following are tuned to the social and physical characteristics of a species' environment. 相似文献
132.
Effects of semantic processing of crowded characters were investigated using numbers as stimuli. In an identification task,
typical spacing effects in crowding were replicated. Using the same stimuli in a magnitude comparison task, a smaller effect
of spacing was observed as well as an effect of response congruency. These effects were replicated in a second experiment
with varying stimulus-onset asynchronies. In addition, decreasing performance with increasing onset-asynchrony (so-called
type-B masking) for incongruent flankers indicates semantic processing of target and flankers. The data show that semantic
processing takes place even in crowded stimuli. This argues strongly against common accounts of crowding in terms of early
stimulus-driven impairments of processing. 相似文献
133.
John Martin Fischer 《The Journal of Ethics》2008,12(2):167-189
I seek to reply to the thoughtful and challenging papers by Helen Steward, Saul Smilansky, and John Perry. Steward argues
that agency itself requires access to alternative possibilities; I attempt to motivate my denial of this view. I believe that
her view here is no more plausible than the view (which she rejects) that it is unfair to hold someone morally responsible,
unless he has genuine access to alternative possibilities. Smilansky contends that compatibilism is morally shallow, and that
we can see this from the “ultimate perspective.” In reply, I explore the nature of “zooming” arguments, and I contend that
even from a somewhat more detached perspective, important features that distinguish us from mere animals can be discerned
(even in a causally deterministic universe). Finally, I seek to address Perry’s defense of classical compatibilism. My main
objection to his form of compatbilism is that agents must be construed as having a certain kind of “baggage”—even on his own
account.
相似文献
John Martin FischerEmail: |
134.
David Dorn Justina A. V. Fischer Gebhard Kirchgässner Alfonso Sousa-Poza 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2008,9(2):227-255
We re-evaluate the relation between cantonal direct democracy and perceived subjective well-being in Switzerland using new
data from the Swiss Household Panel. In addition, this study goes beyond previous work by carefully controlling for cultural
determinants of happiness such as languages and religion. We find that once language is controlled for, no robust significant
relationship between the extent of direct democracy and life satisfaction can be observed. The results also show that direct
democracy does not affect well-being within language groups in Switzerland.
相似文献
Justina A. V. FischerEmail: |
135.
Claude S. Fischer 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2008,9(2):219-226
Happiness scholars have tried to resolve the seeming paradox that as Americans’ wealth increased substantially over the last
few decades, their happiness did not. This article questions whether the paradox is real. Demonstrations of the paradox almost
always rely on GDP per capita as the measure of wealth, but that is a poor measure of a people’s well-being. It is heavily
and increasingly skewed; it does not account for effort. Using instead measures of household income, male income, and average
wages eliminates the paradox; these indicators of affluence have grown only slowly or declined in the same period, paralleling
the changes in happiness scores. Moreover, using these indicators reveals a modest but real correlation between material well-being
and national happiness. 相似文献
136.
Rather than embracing the notion that contextualism requires purely qualitative methodologies, Westerman and Yanchar argue that there is a place for quantification in post-positivist research. Both authors provide compelling arguments for this position. From our cognitive developmental perspective, we see this as a move toward a new level of integration in psychology. Whereas reactive shifts between positivist quantification and radical contextualism exemplify the kind of pendulum swing we see in individual development immediately before the emergence of a new developmental level, the moves suggested by Westerman and Yanchar are in the direction of a qualitative shift—a new level of differentiation and integration. We argue that the arguments put forward by Westerman and Yanchar do not quite achieve consolidation at this new level, because they remain embedded in a post-positivist contextualism that demands an a priori rejection of psychological universals and strong forms of quantification. In our view, consolidation at this new level requires a shift to a problem-focused methodological pluralism that assimilates a wide range of methodological approaches, critiques them, and adapts them in light of the problems researchers seek to solve. 相似文献
137.
Edward H. Fischer Ellen A. Dornelas Carolyn S. Malchodi Cheryl A. Oncken 《Journal of applied social psychology》2006,36(12):2825-2833
Two independent samples of pregnant smokers were interviewed about their cigarette smoking and were tested with biochemical markers at the beginning and end of their pregnancies. Participants were mainly unmarried, racial minorities (chiefly Hispanic), and residents of the inner city. Phi coefficients between self‐reported and chemical indicators ranged from .42 to .74. Contrary to expectations, the self‐report/biochemical‐measure correlations were higher at the end than at the beginning of the pregnancy term. The higher end‐of‐term correspondence between self‐report and chemical indicators likely reflected better reliability of the measures, when taken at term. The results are in accord with earlier research with other populations, indicating adequate validity for self‐reported smoking. 相似文献
138.
John Martin Fischer 《The Journal of Ethics》2006,10(4):355-381
In this paper I discuss some of Martha Nussbaum’s defenses of Epicurean views about death and immortality. Here I seek to
defend the commonsense view that death can be a bad thing for an individual against the Epicurean; I also defend the claim
that immortality might conceivably be a good thing. In the development of my analysis, I make certain connections between
the literatures on free will and death. The intersection of these two literatures can be illuminated by reference to my notion
of a Dialectical Stalemate. 相似文献
139.
Ursula Hess Stuart Brody Job van der Schalk Agneta H. Fischer 《Personality and individual differences》2007,43(8):1991-1997
A study was conducted to assess whether individual differences in sexual activity during the past 30 days, in particular penile–vaginal intercourse (PVI; which is associated with measures of relationship quality), are related to the perception of the facial attractiveness of unknown men. Forty-five women reported the frequency of a variety of sexual behaviors and rated the facial attractiveness and friendliness of 24 men. Women who reported more frequent orgasm from masturbation rated men as less friendly. This finding might be reflective of the more anti-social attitude associated with more frequent masturbation. The results also show that women who engaged more frequently in most kinds of sexual behavior, not only PVI, considered unknown men to be less facially attractive. That is, individuals who engage more frequently in a variety of sexual behaviors with their partner perceived unknown men as less attractive and thereby may be less susceptible to the lure of other (or if the only sexual behavior is masturbation, any) men. 相似文献
140.
In a recent study, it was shown that subliminal priming (SP) effects are affected by the temporal predictability of a stimulus onset. If predictability is not given, SP effects are eliminated (Naccache, Blandin, & Dehaene, 2002). In two experiments, we investigated how different levels of preparation for target processing affect SP effects. For this purpose, an accessory tone stimulus was presented at different times prior to a subliminal priming task. The results demonstrate a clear modulation of the SP effects at different foreperiod intervals. Relative to conditions without an accessory stimulus, SP effects were smaller for short foreperiod intervals of the accessory stimulus, and larger for long foreperiod intervals. The results suggest that the presentation of an accessory stimulus facilitates response activation processes because of the participants' enhanced level of preparation for stimulus processing. 相似文献