保护性价值观的结构和特征研究

保护性价值观是一种拒绝与其他任何价值相互交易,尤其拒绝与经济价值进行交易的观念。本文通过问卷调查和分析,将中国文化背景下的保护性价值观分为“有关自然环境和传统文化价值的保护性价值观”和“有关人伦人权和人际情感的保护性价值观”,并发现前者比后者更受重视和更有普遍性。研究还验证了保护性价值观具有的数量不敏感性、当事人相关性、道德责任感、拒绝、愤怒情绪、故作姿态这六个特征,并初步分析了两类保护性价值观在各特征上的差异。     

复杂问题解决：探索人们如何控制复杂动态系统

复杂问题解决研究的目的是探索人们如何处理复杂、动态任务。Dorner作为该领域的先驱,将计算机模拟情境作为研究工具,后来的研究者从不同的角度进行复杂问题解决研究。本文介绍了复杂问题解决研究的发展历史,总结了复杂问题解决情境的特征,包括动态性、复杂性、模糊性以及时间滞后性,进一步比较了复杂问题解决与自然决策和动态决策的差别。在此基础上,从控制系统的个体要求以及系统特征等方面总结了在Dorner的个体差异比较范式下复杂问题解决研究的进展。最后提出复杂问题解决研究的展望。     

弘扬武当文化 促进两岸交流——“海峡两岸武当文化论坛”在武当山举行

武当山是中国道教名山,被称为道教第九福地。神秘深邃的玄帝信仰、如法如律的道教科仪、缈纱空灵的道教音乐、结构精巧的道教建筑、颇具特色的道教医药、饮誉中外的道教武术(即武当武术),共同构成了博大精深、绚丽多姿的武当文化。武当文化作为中华民族的传统瑰宝,不仅在祖国大     

大学生人际关系中的普遍性缺陷及产生的原因与对策

当代大学生面临着人际交往的困惑。本文阐述了大学生人际关系中的普遍性缺陷,并从生理、思想观念、心理、经济条件、生活环境以及社会文化等各方面深入探讨了大学生人际关系缺陷产生的主要原因,并为解决大学生人际关系缺陷问题提出了自己的看法。     

The Inclusion House: Where Pastors Learn to Minister to Individuals with Disabilities

The Inclusion House is a unique dorm in Holland, Michigan, where nondisabled students, studying to be leaders in the faith community as future pastors, live side-by-side same-aged individuals with intellectual disabilities. After one year, a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was conducted with the nondisabled roommates. Findings showed overall positive feelings involving watching roommates with a disability become more independent, learning to balance roles as a friend vs. helper, as well as knowledge gleaned about working with these type of individuals as well as their families for their future occupations. These findings are important for the education of future leaders of the church and the manner by which they can include people with disabilities and their families in faith communities.     

Functional brain organization of working memory in adolescents varies in relation to family income and academic achievement

Working memory (WM) capacity reflects executive functions associated with performance on a wide range of cognitive tasks and education outcomes, including mathematics achievement, and is associated with dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortices. Here we asked if family income is associated with variation in the functional brain organization of WM capacity among adolescents, and whether that variation is associated with performance on a statewide test of academic achievement in mathematics. Participants were classified into higher‐income and lower‐income groups based on family income, and performed a WM task with a parametric manipulation of WM load (N‐back task) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Behaviorally, the higher‐income group had greater WM capacity and higher mathematics achievement scores. Neurally, the higher‐income group showed greater activation as a function of WM load in bilateral prefrontal, parietal, and other regions, although the lower‐income group exhibited greater activation at the lowest load. Both groups exhibited positive correlations between parietal activations and mathematics achievement scores, but only the higher‐income group exhibited a positive correlation between prefrontal activations and mathematics scores. Most of these findings were maintained when higher‐ and lower‐income groups were matched on WM task performance or nonverbal IQ. Findings indicate that the functional neural architecture of WM varies with family income and is associated with education measures of mathematics achievement.     

5-HTTLPR、性别、家庭社会经济地位与面孔表情识别的关系

该研究采用531名中国汉族健康大学生为被试,综合考察了5-HTTLPR(5-羟色胺转运体基因连锁多态区)基因型、性别和家庭社会经济地位之间交互作用与面孔表情识别的关系。研究结果发现,性别和家庭社会经济地位在面孔表情识别上有显著的主效应。总体来说,家庭社会经济地位较高和女性的被试具有较好的面孔表情识别能力。5-HTTLPR基因型、性别、家庭社会经济地位,它们在面孔表情识别上的三因素交互作用也显著。该三因素交互作用主要是源于,在高家庭社会经济地位背景下,女性携带有5-HTTLPR长片段等位基因比短片段纯合子表现出稍差的面孔表情识别能力。该结果体现了基因与环境多因素交互作用对面孔表情识别能力的重要性。     

西方婚姻沟通研究进展述评

目前西方婚姻研究领域的主流—— 婚姻沟通研究表现出三大进展：从个体研究视角转向互动视角; 从单一维度划分沟通类型转向功能性的划分; 从人格影响因素的探索转向权力结构的探索。该领域未来的研究趋势应集中在关注积极互动、扩展研究范式、探索调节或中介机制、探讨夫妻权力的不同层面以及重新评价人格因素的影响等方面。     

国外婴儿动词习得的两种研究范式

通过介绍国外婴儿动词习得的研究范式, 一是习惯化研究(Habituation paradigm), 二是多通道优先注视范式(IPLP), 来揭示婴儿语言前概念形成的认知心理。国外的研究表明, 婴儿的动词习得晚于名词学习; 动词的成分习得(路径成分或是方式成分)在婴儿周岁前也有时间先后; 动词完整意义的获得还与母语的输入有密切关系。综述说明, 采用这两种研究范式研究语前婴儿的语言认知是较为经济和有效的。