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91.
The voice onset time (VOT) of two groups of treated stutterers and a normal-speaking group was assessed by spectrographic analysis. Both groups of stutterers had significantly slower VOT than the normal speakers. The experimental group of stutterers was given 8 wk of “fluency” training designed to remediate characteristics of speech identified as related to “tenuous” fluency. The control group of stutterers received ongoing maintenance therapy. Posttreatment VOT was assessed. The experimental stuttering group had significantly decreased their VOT in the direction of the normal-speaking group, whereas the control group of stutterers had a greater VOT between pre- and posttreatment. The implication of these results for the maintenance of fluency are discussed. 相似文献
92.
The group modality employed by the authors for the past two years to structurally treat borderline personality patients has proven successful and is presented here for consideration by other clinicians. The authors suggest that the ego deficits that can make the borderline patient a problematic group member are the very deficits that are often best treated in a group setting. The inherent curative factors of groups are discussed in parallel with the structural therapeutic needs of the borderline, and specific strategies and interventions for enhancing borderline structural growth are recommended. Inherent risks of treating this challenging patient population within the group modality are discussed, and suggestions for preempting or minimizing such effects are presented. 相似文献
93.
The article gives a short account of V.A. Smirnovs scientific biography, including his work in Tomsk University in Siberia and in the Department of Logic of the Institute of Philosophy in Moscow. 相似文献
94.
95.
We investigated whether adult learners' knowledge of phonotactic restrictions on word forms from their first language impacts their ability to use statistical information to segment words in a novel language. Adults were exposed to a speech stream where English phonotactics and phoneme co-occurrence information conflicted. A control where these did not conflict was also run. Participants chose between words defined by novel statistics and words that are phonotactically possible in English, but had much lower phoneme contingencies. Control participants selected words defined by statistics while experimental participants did not. This result held up with increases in exposure and when segmentation was aided by telling participants a word prior to exposure. It was not the case that participants simply preferred English-sounding words, however, when the stimuli contained very short pauses, participants were able to learn the novel words despite the fact that they violated English phonotactics. Results suggest that prior linguistic knowledge can interfere with learners' abilities to segment words from running speech using purely statistical cues at initial exposure. 相似文献
96.
Metcalfe J Finn B 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(5):1084-1097
Two processes are postulated to underlie delayed judgments of learning (JOLs)--cue familiarity and target retrievability. The two processes are distinguishable because the familiarity-based judgments are thought to be faster than the retrieval-based processes, because only retrieval-based JOLs should enhance the relative accuracy of the correlations between the JOLs and criterion test performance, and because only retrieval-based judgments should enhance memory. To test these predictions, in three experiments, the authors either speeded people's JOLs or allowed them to be unspeeded. The relative accuracy of the JOLs in predicting performance on the criterion test was higher for the unspeeded JOLs than for the speeded JOLs, as predicted. The unspeeded JOL conditions showed enhanced memory as compared with the speeded JOL conditions, as predicted. Finally, the unspeeded JOLs were sensitive to manipulations that modified recallability of the target, whereas the speeded JOLs were selectively sensitive to experimental variations in the familiarity of the cues. Thus, all three of the predictions about the consequences of the two processes potentially underlying delayed JOLs were borne out. A model of the processes underlying delayed JOLs based on these and earlier results is presented. 相似文献
97.
Three experiments investigated whether study choice was directly related to judgments of learning (JOLs) by examining people’s
choices in cases in which JOLs were dissociated from recall. In Experiment 1, items were given either three repetitions or
one repetition on Trial 1. Items given three repetitions received one on Trial 2, and those given one repetition received
three on Trial 2—equating performance at the end of Trial 2, but yielding different immediate Trial 2 JOLs. Study choice followed
the “illusory” JOLs. A delayed JOL condition in Experiment 2 did not show this JOL bias and neither did study choice. Finally,
using a paradigm (Koriat & Bjork, 2005) in which similar JOLs are given to forward and backward associative pairs, despite
much worse performance on the backward pairs, study choice again followed the mistaken JOLs. We concluded that JOLs—what people
believe they know—directly influence people’s study choices. 相似文献
98.
Dunn EW Biesanz JC Human LJ Finn S 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2007,92(6):990-1005
Positive self-presentation may have beneficial consequences for mood that are typically overlooked. Across a series of studies, participants underestimated how good they would feel in situations that required them to put their best face forward. In Studies 1 and 2A, participants underestimated the emotional benefits of interacting with an opposite sex stranger versus the benefits of interacting with a romantic partner. In Study 2B, participants who were instructed to engage in self-presentation felt happier after interacting with their romantic partner than participants who were not given this instruction, although other participants serving as forecasters did not anticipate such benefits. Increasing the generalizability of this self-presentation effect across contexts, the authors demonstrated that participants also underestimated how good they would feel before and after being evaluated by another person (Studies 3 and 4). This failure to recognize the affective benefits of putting one's best face forward may underlie forecasting errors regarding the emotional consequences of the most common forms of social interactions. 相似文献
99.
The effects of acute plasma tryptophan manipulation on changes in hostile, anxious, and depressive mood were studied in 48 males. Subjects consumed tryptophan-free or nutritionally balanced amino acid mixtures as a means of manipulating brain serotonin levels. Mood (hostility, anxiety, depression) was assessed pre- and 5 hr post-ingestion using the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist. Overall, the tryptophan manipulation resulted in significant changes in hostile mood. Analyses also revealed a stronger association between changes in plasma tryptophan and changes in hostility in subjects with high levels of pre-existing hostile traits compared with low levels of hostile traits, and in subjects with high vs. Low antisocial traits. There was no significant association between changes in plasma tryptophan and changes in depression. The results suggest that persons with high levels of trait hostility may be more susceptible to the effects of acute manipulation of plasma tryptophan on hostile mood. Aggr. Behav. 24:173–185, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
100.
Ireon LeBeauf Mary Finn Maples Livia D'Andrea Zarus Watson Jill Packman 《Journal of Employment Counseling》2007,44(3):98-114
The influences of socio‐race, racial identity development, gender, educational level, and age on promotion and compensation decisions by midlevel supervisors in industry were examined in this analogue study of 74 midlevel business and industry supervisors. The participants varied in socio‐racial classifications, gender, educational levels, and age. Results of this study indicated statistically significant differences in promotion rates of female analogue employees, rates of promotion between White male and Black male supervisors, and the rate of promotion when comparing older versus younger supervisors. 相似文献