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81.
Ingroup advantages and outgroup deficits in perception and memory are well-established in research on race, gender, and other
ostensibly identifiable social categories. The present study extended this research to a social category that is not as perceptually
apparent: male sexual orientation. Consistent with hypotheses, an interaction of participant sexual orientation and image
sexual orientation revealed an ingroup enhancement and outgroup deficit for memory of faces that participants perceived—both
accurately and inaccurately—as belonging to either their ingroup or outgroup in a subsequent task. Additionally, parallel
effects were found for the accurate identification of sexual orientation—a finding consistent with previous literature. The
present data highlight the importance of social categorization for subsequent memory and suggest that the underlying cognitive
machinery responsible for the recognition of groups may be co-opted for other relevant social applications. 相似文献
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83.
Previous investigations of gaze processing in autism have demonstrated a pattern of intact and impaired performance. Although
individuals with autism are capable of discriminating another’s gaze, they fail to interpret gaze direction, especially within
the context of sociocommunicative (i.e., mentalistic) interactions. Extending this general line of inquiry, we explored whether
typical children and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were influenced by gaze direction in a task that demanded
a core person-related judgment—namely, sex categorization. The results revealed that typically developing school-aged children
were faster to classify faces by sex when targets displayed direct rather than averted gaze, or when the eyes were closed.
This was not the case, however, for children with ASD, whose responses were unaffected by gaze direction. These findings suggest
that difficulties in gaze processing in autism extend beyond sociocommunicative inferences to include basic person-perception
judgments. 相似文献
84.
A matter of considerable debate is whether people spontaneously use categorical knowledge (i.e., stereotypes) to guide their interactions with others. Despite initial evidence for the unconditional automaticity of category activation, recent research has identified a range of factors that moderate this process. Extending this line of inquiry, the current investigation explored the extent to which contextual influences—specifically the order in which priming stimuli are presented to participants—may modulate person categorization. Using a standard semantic-priming paradigm to index category and stereotype activation, participants were presented with priming stimuli that were either intermixed or blocked by sex. The results revealed that: (i) category and stereotype activation are moderated by the order in which priming stimuli are presented; and (ii) priming effects decrease monotonically as a function of category repetition. The theoretical implications of these findings are considered. 相似文献
85.
Marius Golubickis Arash Sahraie Amelia R. Hunt Aleksandar Visokomogilski Pavlos Topalidis C. Neil Macrae 《European journal of social psychology》2018,48(2):O182-O188
Reflecting the fundamental human need to establish and maintain positive connections with others, it has been suggested that an Ostracism Detection System is sensitized to targets by which one has been ostracized. Evidence supporting the operation of this system has yet to be provided, however. Accordingly, using binocular rivalry to explore attentional processing, here, we considered the extent to which targets previously associated with ostracism dominate visual awareness. Participants initially performed a virtual ball‐tossing game (i.e., Cyberball) in which they were “ostracized” or “included” by the other players. Afterwards, the faces of these players were presented together with houses in a binocular rivalry task. The results revealed that targets associated with ostracism (vs. inclusion) dominated longest in visual awareness. 相似文献
86.
Anglo‐Americans and Mexican‐Americans were asked to list five of their traits and five of their group memberships. They were also asked to rank (relative to each other) and rate (on an absolute scale) the importance of these traits and groups. Consistent with the distinction between individualist and collectivist cultures, Mexican‐Americans ranked and rated their groups as being more important than did Anglo‐Americans. In addition, although participants from both cultural groups gave greatly decreased ratings for less important groups, this decrease was more pronounced for Anglo‐Americans than for Mexican‐Americans. Finally, the data indicated that the perceived importance of group memberships is only weakly related to their cognitive accessibility. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
87.
Louisa Flander Andrew Speirs-Bridge Alison Rutstein Heather Niven Aung Ko Win Driss Ait Ouakrim John L. Hopper Finlay Macrae Louise Keogh Clara Gaff Mark Jenkins 《Journal of genetic counseling》2014,23(1):79-88
People carrying germline mutations in mismatch repair genes are at high risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), yet about half of people from mutation-carrying families decline genetic counselling and/or testing to identify mutation status. We studied the association of quantitative measures of risk perception, risk prediction and self-reported screening colonoscopy in this elusive yet high-risk group. The sample of 26 participants (mean age 43.1 years, 14 women) in the Australasian Colorectal Cancer Family Registry were relatives of mutation carriers; had not been diagnosed with any cancer at the time of recruitment and had declined an invitation to attend genetic counselling and/or testing. A structured elicitation protocol captured perceived CRC risk over the next 10 years. Self-reported colonoscopy screening was elicited during a 45-minute semi-structured interview. Predicted 10-year CRC risk based on age, gender, known mutation status and family history was calculated using “MMRpro.” Mean perceived 10-year risk of CRC was 31 % [95 % CI 21, 40], compared with mean predicted risk of 4 % [2, 7] (p?<?0.001); this was independent of age and sex (p?=?0.9). Among those reporting any medical advice and any screening colonoscopy (n?=?18), those with higher risk perception had less frequent colonoscopy (Pearson’s r?=?0.49 [0.02, 0.79]). People who decline genetic testing for CRC susceptibility mutations perceive themselves to be at substantially higher risk than they really are. Those with high perceived risk do not undertake screening colonoscopy more often than those who perceive themselves to be at average risk. 相似文献
88.
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90.
Brittany M. Christian Lynden K. Miles Fiona Hoi Kei Fung Sarah Best C. Neil Macrae 《Consciousness and cognition》2013,22(2):471-478
Through the ability to preview the future (i.e., prospection), people can anticipate how best to think, feel and act in just about any setting. But exactly what factors determine the contents of prospection? Extending research on action identification and temporal construal, here we explored how action goals and temporal distance modulate the characteristics of future previews. Participants were required to imagine travelling to Egypt (in the near or distant future) to climb or photograph a pyramid. Afterwards, to probe the contents of prospection, participants provided a sketch of their imaginary experience. Results elucidated the impact of goal type and temporal distance on mental imagery. While a climbing goal prompted participants to draw a larger pyramid in the near than distant future, a photographic goal influenced only the compositional complexity of the sketches. These findings reveal how action goals and temporal distance shape the contents of future simulations. 相似文献