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111.
Despite the fact that the ability of animals to avoid being consumed by predators is influenced by their behaviour, morphology
and life history, very few studies have attempted to integrate prey responses across these adaptation types. Here, our goal
was to address the link between life-history traits (size and growth trajectory) of tadpoles and behavioural responses to
predators. Specifically, we wanted to determine whether information learned about predators was influenced by prey growth
trajectory before and after learning. We manipulated the size/growth trajectory of tadpoles by raising them under different
temperatures. Tadpoles raised on a slow-growth trajectory (under cold conditions) and taught to recognize a salamander subsequently
showed stronger responses after 2 weeks than tadpoles that were raised on a fast-growth trajectory (under warm conditions).
When we account for the effect of size (r
2 = 0.22) on the responses of prey to predator cues, we find that the growth trajectory pre-learning but not post-learning
influences the learned responses of the tadpoles. The differences in responses to predators may reflect differential memory
associated with the predator. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has attempted to link life-history traits (size
and growth rate) with learning of predators. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of antipredator responses of prey
animals, we call for additional integrative studies that examine prey anti-predator responses across adaptation types. 相似文献
112.
Ferrari AJ Whittingham K Boyd R Sanders M Colditz P 《Infant behavior & development》2011,34(4):602-609
Over 10% of preterm infants develop major disabilities, 50% develop behavioural problems and 40% need special education (
[Huddy et al., 2001]
and
[0185]
). Prem Baby Triple P is a new variant of the Positive Parenting Program (Triple P) adapted specifically for parents of very preterm infants. The aim of this study is to assess the acceptability of Prem Baby Triple P to parents of infants born preterm and to test whether parental attributions and parental perception of infant health/developmental status are barriers to intervention acceptability. One hundred and twenty-three parents of preterm infants participated, 83 parents of very preterm infants and 40 parents of preterm infants. In addition, 32 parents of term infants participated as a comparison group. The acceptability of Prem Baby Triple P was moderately high and did not differ significantly across the three groups. Parental attributions were not found to be barriers to intervention acceptability and parental perceptions that their infant is less healthy/developmentally delayed facilitated Prem Baby Triple P acceptance in parents of infants born very preterm. This suggests that the planned Prem Baby Triple P content is acceptable to parents of infants born very preterm and sensitised to medical and developmental issues. These findings, as social validation data, will contribute towards the further development of Prem Baby Triple P and a future randomised controlled trial. 相似文献
113.
Ecumenical Alethic Pluralism (EAP) is a novel kind of alethic pluralism. It is ecumenical in that it widens the scope of alethic pluralism by allowing for a normatively deflated truth property alongside a variety of normatively robust truth properties. We establish EAP by showing how Wright’s Inflationary Arguments fail in the domain of taste, once a relativist treatment of the metaphysics and epistemology of that domain is endorsed. EAP is highly significant to current debates on the nature of truth insofar as it involves a reconfiguration of the dialectic between deflationists and pluralists. 相似文献
114.
Schino G Geminiani S Rosati L Aureli F 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2004,118(3):340-346
The authors of this study investigated the behavioral and emotional response of female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) to an aggression received by their offspring to evaluate the existence of cognitive empathic responses in a naturalistic setting. After their offspring received an aggression, mothers did not direct increased affiliative contacts to them. The factors likely to affect the degree of distress in the offspring or the perceived risk for the mother failed to appropriately modulate maternal behavior. Finally, mothers did not increase their frequency of scratching (a behavioral indicator of anxiety) after their offspring had received an aggression. The results suggest Japanese macaque mothers may be unable to understand their offspring's need for distress alleviation after the receipt of aggression. 相似文献
115.
This investigation examined gender differences in communication with parents, peer group selection, and academic motivation as related to drug use among adolescents (290 girls, 237 boys; age range = 12-19 years). For girls, increased self-expression with parents was associated with greater academic motivation, more academically motivated friends, fewer drug-using friends, and less overall drug use. For boys, self-expression was positively related to academic motivation. For both boys and girls, having drug-using friends predicted increased drug use, while having academically motivated friends predicted decreased drug use. For girls only, age and academic motivation predicted drug use as well. These findings indicate that peer group selection and academic motivation may mediate the relationship between drug use and parent-adolescent communication for girls only. 相似文献
116.
Crane Adam L. Meuthen Denis Thapa Himal Ferrari Maud C. O. Brown Grant E. 《Animal cognition》2021,24(3):471-481
Animal Cognition - Exposure to predation risk can induce a fearful baseline state, as well as fear reactions toward novel situations (i.e., neophobia). Some research indicates that risk exposure... 相似文献
117.
Zaira Cattaneo Carlotta Lega Luca Rinaldi Micaela Fantino Chiara Ferrari Lotfi B. Merabet Tomaso Vecchi 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2018,80(4):813-821
Converging evidence suggests that the perception of auditory pitch exhibits a characteristic spatial organization. This pitch–space association can be demonstrated experimentally by the Spatial Musical Association of Response Codes (SMARC) effect. This is characterized by faster response times when a low-positioned key is pressed in response to a low-pitched tone, and a high-positioned key is pressed in response to a high-pitched tone. To investigate whether the development of this pitch–space association is mediated by normal visual experience, we tested a group of early blind individuals on a task that required them to discriminate the timbre of different instrument sounds with varying pitch. Results revealed a comparable pattern in the SMARC effect in both blind participants and sighted controls, suggesting that the lack of prior visual experience does not prevent the development of an association between pitch height and vertical space. 相似文献
118.
Joseph R. Ferrari Kendall P. Crum Matthew A. Pardo 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2018,37(2):436-440
University students (n = 75; M age = 21.4 years old) and community adults (n = 55: M age = 36.6 years old) completed self-reported measures of decisional procrastination (indecision), character (life satisfaction, meaningful life, and need for cognition), context (place attachment, sense of community, and psychological home) and “cross-over” factors relating character and context (self-identity with possessions, people/thing orientation, and clutter), to provide an ecological understanding of persons who claim indecision. Controlling for social desirability tendencies, indecision was negatively related to all character but none of the context variables. Indecision also was related to both person and thing orientation and clutter. Multiple regression analysis indicated that only need for cognition significantly predicted (negatively) indecision among character, context, and cross-over variable sets. Subjective well-being also predicted indecision with low need for cognition among cross-over variables. Taken together, decisional procrastinators reported too much clutter (stuff), interfering with a positive quality of life and related to character over context and cross-over, ecological variables. 相似文献
119.
Re‐examination of Oostenbroek et al. (2016): evidence for neonatal imitation of tongue protrusion 下载免费PDF全文
Andrew N. Meltzoff Lynne Murray Elizabeth Simpson Mikael Heimann Emese Nagy Jacqueline Nadel Eric J. Pedersen Rechele Brooks Daniel S. Messinger Leonardo De Pascalis Francys Subiaul Annika Paukner Pier F. Ferrari 《Developmental science》2018,21(4)
The meaning, mechanism, and function of imitation in early infancy have been actively discussed since Meltzoff and Moore's (1977) report of facial and manual imitation by human neonates. Oostenbroek et al. (2016) claim to challenge the existence of early imitation and to counter all interpretations so far offered. Such claims, if true, would have implications for theories of social‐cognitive development. Here we identify 11 flaws in Oostenbroek et al.'s experimental design that biased the results toward null effects. We requested and obtained the authors’ raw data. Contrary to the authors’ conclusions, new analyses reveal significant tongue‐protrusion imitation at all four ages tested (1, 3, 6, and 9 weeks old). We explain how the authors missed this pattern and offer five recommendations for designing future experiments. Infant imitation raises fundamental issues about action representation, social learning, and brain–behavior relations. The debate about the origins and development of imitation reflects its importance to theories of developmental science. 相似文献
120.
Relations between infants’ emerging reach‐grasp competence and event‐related desynchronization in EEG 下载免费PDF全文
Erin N. Cannon Elizabeth A. Simpson Nathan A. Fox Ross E. Vanderwert Amanda L. Woodward Pier F. Ferrari 《Developmental science》2016,19(1):50-62
Recent reports of similar patterns of brain electrical activity (electroencephalogram: EEG) during action execution and observation, recorded from scalp locations over motor‐related regions in infants and adults, have raised the possibility that two foundational abilities – controlling one's own intentional actions and perceiving others’ actions – may be integrally related during ontogeny. However, to our knowledge, there are no published reports of the relations between developments in motor skill (i.e. recording actual motor skill performance) and EEG during both action execution and action observation. In the present study we collected EEG from 21 9‐month‐olds who were given opportunities to reach for toys and who also observed an experimenter reach for toys. Event‐related desynchronization (ERD) was computed from the EEG during the reaching events. We assessed infants’ reaching‐grasping competence, including reach latency, errors, preshaping of the hand, and bimanual reaches, and found that desynchronization recorded in scalp electrodes over motor‐related regions during action observation was associated with action competence during execution. Infants who were more competent reachers, compared to less competent reachers, exhibited greater ERD while observing reaching‐grasping. These results provide initial evidence for an early emerging neural system integrating one's own actions with the perception of others’ actions. 相似文献