THE EFFECTS OF TARGETING IMPROVEMENTS IN URINE GLUCOSE ON METABOLIC CONTROL IN CHILDREN WITH INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES

A treatment program designed to increase the percentage of negative urine tests was implemented using a multiple-baseline across groups design in a sample of 19 families of children with insulin dependent diabetes. The treatment involved instructions in insulin adjustment, decrease in intake of simple sugars and saturated fats, and increase in exercise, along with teaching the parents to support improvements in children's self-regulatory behaviors using a point economy and praise. New proocedures designed to measure and reinforce adherence to the urine testing regimen were developed. Results showed significant increases in percentage of negative urines consistent with implementation of treatment across the three treatment groups, which were maintained over the follow-up period. Metabolic measures of control, including glycosylated hemoglobin and serum glucose did not show improvements even though the relationship between the percentage of negative urine tests and glycosylated hemoglobin was very high during treatment.     

Motivation and Problem Solving (MAPS): Motivationally Based Skills Training for Treating Substance Use

Over 10 years ago, Baer and colleagues proposed the integration of skills training and motivational strategies for the treatment of substance abuse. Since that time, several studies evaluating the efficacy of such hybrid approaches have been published, but few have been efficacious. Motivation and Problem Solving (MAPS) is a comprehensive, dynamic, and holistic intervention that incorporates empirically supported cognitive behavioral and social cognitive theory–based treatment strategies within an overarching motivational framework, and has been demonstrated to be effective in a randomized clinical trial focused on the prevention of postpartum smoking relapse. MAPS was designed to be applicable to not only relapse prevention but also the cessation of substance use, and is relevant for individuals regardless of their motivation to change. MAPS views motivation as dynamically fluctuating from moment to moment throughout the behavior change process, and comprehensively addresses multiple issues important to the individual and relevant to change through the creation of a wellness program. As a result, we believe that MAPS enhances the likelihood that individuals will successfully achieve and maintain abstinence from substance use, and that its comprehensive focus on addressing diverse and salient issues enhances both engagement in treatment and its applicability in modifying other health risk behaviors. The current paper introduces MAPS, distinguishes it from other hybrid and stage-based substance use treatments, and provides detailed information and clinical text regarding how MAPS is specifically and uniquely implemented to address key mechanisms relevant to quitting smoking and maintaining abstinence.     

Memory enhancement of classical fear conditioning by post-training injections of corticosterone in rats

There is extensive evidence that post-training administration of the adrenocortical hormone corticosterone facilitates memory consolidation processes in a variety of contextual and spatial-dependent learning situations. The present experiments examine whether corticosterone can modulate memory of auditory-cue classical fear conditioning, a learning task that is not contingent on contextual or spatial representations. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received three pairings of a single-frequency auditory stimulus and footshock, followed immediately by a post-training subcutaneous injection of either corticosterone (1.0 or 3.0mg/kg) or vehicle. Retention was tested 24h later in a novel test chamber and suppression of ongoing motor behavior served as the measure of conditioned fear. Corticosterone dose-dependently facilitated suppression of motor activity during the 10-s presentation of the auditory cue. As corticosterone administration did not alter responding after unpaired presentations of tone and shock, tone alone, shock alone or absence of tone/shock, the findings indicated that corticosterone selectively facilitated memory of the tone-shock association. Furthermore, injections of corticosterone given 3h after training did not alter motor activity during retention testing, demonstrating that corticosterone enhanced time-dependent memory consolidation processes. These findings provide evidence that corticosterone modulates the consolidation of memory for auditory-cue classical fear conditioning and are consistent with a wealth of data indicating that glucocorticoids can modulate a wide variety of emotionally influenced memories.     

Faithful Witnessing as Practice: Decolonial Readings of Shadows of Your Black Memory and The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao

This article considers María Lugones's concept of faithful witnessing as a point of departure to think about the ethics and possibilities of faithful witnessing in literary contexts. For Lugones, faithful witnessing is an act of aligning oneself with oppressed peoples against the grain of power and recognizing their humanity, oppression, and resistance despite the lack of institutional endorsement. I engage the work of Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Denise Oliver, and other scholars who offer methodologies and discourses on recognition, witnessing, and resistance. I argue that the feminist philosophical concept of faithful witnessing is a critical element of reading decolonial imaginaries. The article undertakes close readings of two novels in the Afro‐Latinx and Afro‐Hispanic tradition: Donato Ndongo's Shadows of Your Black Memory and Junot Díaz's The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. In these readings, the concept of faithful witnessing enriches the analysis of religious colonization and the gender violence inherent to coloniality.     

When does dual identity predict protest? The moderating roles of anti‐immigrant policies and opinion‐based group identity

Dual identities are defined as immigrants' identification with their ethnic ingroup as well as the national community in their country of residence. Dual identities have been argued to increase protest, because they make immigrants feel entitled to advocate for their disadvantaged ethnic group as part of a larger national community. In a study of Latino immigrants to the United States, however, we found that dual identities no longer predict protest when immigrants learn that other members of the national community have passed laws or enacted policies that would exclude immigrants or restrict their rights, through deportation and detention. Further, we found that immigrants who identify with those fighting to change such anti‐immigrant policies support protest regardless of the level of their dual identity and regardless of policy salience. We argue that these results point to the importance of dual identity recognition for research on immigrant protest. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sexual behavior and drug abuse in homosexuals,prostitutes and prisoners in Tijuana,Mexico

Results are presented of a sociodemographic and epidemiologic survey conducted between July-October 1988 in Tijuana, Mexico, among 3 subgroups believed to be at high risk of HIV infection. 383 female and 32 male prostitutes recruited at the Municipal Medical Services clinic in Tijuana, 376 male and 34 female prisoners recruited ate the State Penitentiary, 233 male homosexuals and bisexuals recruited in bars and other meeting places, and 11 drug addicts treated at a detoxification program were successfully interviewed. Although only 11 iv drug addicts were located and agreed to participate, 5 prostitutes, 85 prisoners, and 5 homosexual/bisexual reported histories of iv drug use. The homosexual/bisexual group was relatively younger and better educated,and had higher incomes than the other groups. The average age was 25.6 for homosexual/bisexuals, 29.5 for prostitutes, and 29 for prisoners. 82.7% of homosexual/bisexuals, 46.3% of prostitutes, and 44.4% of prisoners were single. Among prostitutes and prisoners, respectively, 6.5 and 25.9% were married and 22.2 and 18/5% were in consensual unions. The average number of years of schooling were 10.3 for homosexual/bisexuals, 5.6 for prostitutes, and 6.3 for prisoners. Male prostitutes reported the highest average number of sexual partners in the past year (261 +or- 341), prisoners reported the greatest frequency of iv drug users as sexual partners, and homosexual/bisexuals reported the highest frequency of receptive anal intercourse. 35% of respondents reported a history of sexually transmitted diseases. 36% of female prostitutes and 4% of prisoners reported using condoms regularly during vaginal intercourse. 25% of homosexual/bisexuals reported using condom regularly during anal intercourse. 31% of respondents reported having been tested previously for HIV antibodies,but only 41% of those knew the results. 72 homosexual/bisexuals, 56 prostitutes, and 126 prisoners reported having had sexual relations in the US. 80% of respondents reported consuming alcohol, 64% cigarettes, and 28% illegal drugs. The most frequently used illegal drug was marijuana. 68% of the 106 identified iv drug users continued to use drugs. The rest reported having used them since 1978. The introduction of HIV into these subpopulations has been slow but steady. Infection rates in this sample were .5% for prostitutes, 1.2% for prisoners, 11.6% for homosexual/bisexuals, and 1.9% for the 106 iv drug users.     

An approach to the problem of meaning: Semantic networks

An approach to the problem of meaning through the postulation of semantic networks is presented. Subjects generated them for ten concrete and ten abstract nouns with two different procedures. Comparisons were made between the semantic network and the set of associations given to each concept. Finally, both the concrete concepts' and the abstract concepts' networks were compared. It was suggested that a form of meaning is given by the semantic network of the concept, by a reconstructive memory process.     

School psychology and limited-English-proficient (LEP) children: New competencies

Children with limited-English-proficiency (LEP) and special education needs will be more numerous in the public schools of certain states. This article presents a set of competencies that are relevant to the practice of school psychology with LEP special pupils. Although the focus is on Hispanic children, the competencies apply to bilingual special education in general. They cover the following areas: second-language proficiency of the psychologist, cross-cultural awareness, assessment, knowledge of language development, skill in working with interpreters, and knowledge of bilingual education curriculum.