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131.
Sara Macellini Pier Francesco Ferrari Luca Bonini Leonardo Fogassi Annika Paukner 《Animal cognition》2010,13(4):631-639
Classic mirror self-recognition mark tests involve familiarizing the subject with its mirror image, surreptitiously applying
a mark on the subject’s eyebrow, nose, or ear, and measuring self-directed behaviors toward the mark. For many non-human primate
species, however, direct gaze at the face constitutes an aggressive and threatening signal. It is therefore possible that
monkeys fail the mark test because they do not closely inspect their faces in a mirror and hence they have no expectations
about their physical appearance. In the current study, we prevented two pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) from seeing their own faces in a mirror, and we adopted a modified version of the classic mark test in which monkeys were
marked on the chest, a body region to which they normally have direct visual access but that in the current study was visible
only via a mirror. Neither monkey tried to touch the mark on its chest, possibly due to a failure to understand the mirror
as a reflective surface. To further the monkeys’ understanding of the mirror image, we trained them to reach for food using
the mirror as the only source of information. After both monkeys had learned mirror-mediated reaching, we replicated the mark
test. In this latter phase of the study, only one monkey scratched the red dye on the chest once. The results are consistent
with other findings suggesting that monkeys are not capable of passing a mark test and imply that face and body recognition
rely on the same cognitive abilities. 相似文献
132.
133.
134.
Luca Bonini Pier Francesco Ferrari Leonardo Fogassi 《Consciousness and cognition》2013,22(3):1095-1104
Philosophical and neuroscientific investigation on intentional actions focused on several different aspects, making difficult to define what should be meant with the concept of intention. Most of our everyday actions are constituted by complex and finely organized motor sequences, planned and executed in order to attain a desired final goal. In this paper, we will identify the final goal of the action as the motor intention of the acting individual. First, we will review the relative contribution of the vast neuroscientific literature on the role of different cortical areas in the organization of goal-directed movement. In particular, we will describe recent data on the cortical organization of natural action sequences, showing that this organization could be at the basis not only of our capacity of acting intentionally, but also of our ability to understand the motor intentions underlying others’ behaviour which is crucial during social interactions. 相似文献
135.
Annika Paukner Elizabeth A. Simpson Pier F. Ferrari Timothy Mrozek Stephen J. Suomi 《Developmental science》2014,17(6):833-840
In human infants, neonatal imitation and preferences for eyes are both associated with later social and communicative skills, yet the relationship between these abilities remains unexplored. Here we investigated whether neonatal imitation predicts facial viewing patterns in infant rhesus macaques. We first assessed infant macaques for lipsmacking (a core affiliative gesture) and tongue protrusion imitation in the first week of life. When infants were 10–28 days old, we presented them with an animated macaque avatar displaying a still face followed by lipsmacking or tongue protrusion movements. Using eye tracking technology, we found that macaque infants generally looked equally at the eyes and mouth during gesture presentation, but only lipsmacking‐imitators showed significantly more looking at the eyes of the neutral still face. These results suggest that neonatal imitation performance may be an early measure of social attention biases and might potentially facilitate the identification of infants at risk for atypical social development. 相似文献
136.
When working memory updating requires updating: Analysis of serial position in a running memory task
This study aimed to investigate updating in working memory (WM), analyzing the effects of task demand and memory resources on serial position curve (SPC), in a running memory task with slow pace presentation and a probed recognition procedure. These task conditions were supposed to produce an easier WM updating task, which may allow evidencing whether the task is performed through an active or a passive updating. 相似文献
137.
A fundamental prerequisite for prey to avoid being captured is the ability to distinguish dangerous stimuli such as predators
and risky habitats from non-dangerous stimuli such as non-predators and safe locations. Most research to date has focused
on mechanisms allowing prey to learn to recognize risky stimuli. The paradox of learned predator recognition is that its remarkable
efficiency leaves room for potentially costly mistakes if prey inadvertently learn to recognize non-predatory species as dangerous.
Here, we pre-exposed embryonic woodfrogs, Rana sylvatica, to the odour of a tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, without risk reinforcement, and later try to teach the tadpoles to recognize the salamander, a red-bellied newt Cynops pyrrhogaster—a closely related amphibian, or a goldfish, Carassius
auratus, as a predator. Tadpoles were then tested for their responses to salamander, newt or fish odour. Pre-exposure to salamander
did not affect the ability of tadpoles to learn to recognize goldfish as a predator. However, the embryonic pre-exposure to
salamanders inhibited the subsequent learning of salamanders as a potential predator, through a mechanism known as latent
inhibition. The embryonic pre-exposure also prevented the learned recognition of novel newts, indicating complete generalization
of non-predator recognition. This pattern does not match that of generalization of predator recognition, whereby species learning
to recognize a novel predator do respond, but not as strongly, to novel species closely related to the known predator. The
current paper discusses the costs of making recognition mistakes within the context of generalization of predators and dangerous
habitats versus generalization of non-predators and safe habitats and highlights the asymmetry in which amphibians incorporate
information related to safe versus risky cues in their decision-making. Mechanisms such as latent inhibition allow a variety
of prey species to collect information about non-threatening stimuli, as early as during their embryonic development, and
to use this information later in life to infer the danger level associated with the stimuli. 相似文献
138.
Laura Nota Salvatore Soresi Lea Ferrari Micheal L. Wehmeyer 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2011,12(2):245-266
Self-determination is a general psychological construct within the organizing structure of theories of human agentic behavior.
People who are self-determined act volitionally to serve as the causal agent in their lives. To provide a fuller understanding
of the self-determination of adolescents, this study collected data on self-determination, quality of life, self-efficacy,
and assertiveness for more than 1,400 Italian adolescents. We conducted a series of Multivariate Analyses of Variance to examine
the relationships among, differences between, and associations with self-determination, including any differences as a function
of age and gender as well as differences in quality of life, self-efficacy, and assertiveness as a function of level of selfdetermination.
We also examined which quality of life factors were associated with enhanced self-determination and self-efficacy. Findings
support the importance of self-determination to quality of life and enhanced self-efficacy. 相似文献
139.
Upon stimulation, real time maps of cortical hemodynamic responses can be obtained by non-invasive functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) which measures changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin after positioning multiple sources and detectors over the human scalp. The current commercially available transportable fNIRS systems have a time resolution of 1-10 Hz, a depth sensitivity of about 1.5 cm, and a spatial resolution of about 1 cm. The goal of this brief review is to report infants, children and adults fNIRS language studies. Since 1998, 60 studies have been published on cortical activation in the brain’s classic language areas in children/adults as well as newborns using fNIRS instrumentations of different complexity. In addition, the basic principles of fNIRS including features, strengths, advantages, and limitations are summarized in terms that can be understood even by non specialists. Future prospects of fNIRS in the field of language processing imaging are highlighted. 相似文献
140.
Luigi Ferrari Gianpaolo Contestabile 《World Futures: Journal of General Evolution》2019,75(7):520-542
This article aims at contextualizing the Argentine phenomenon defined as “recovered companies,” both from a historical and a psychological viewpoint. A short historical analysis will be proposed about Soviet experiences/debates, their resumption, and the cases of bottom-up production control/management in the international context with a special focus on the 1920s. A thorough discussion will follow on the contemporary phenomenon of Argentinian recovered companies, where the need for the traditional managerial role in organizations is thoroughly examined with respect to present literature. 相似文献