Variables morfológicas en el procesamiento del lenguaje

Resumen

En este artículo se revisan los principales estudios acerca del papel que pueden desempeñar las variables de tipo morfológico en la organización del léxico interno y en el acceso a la información contenida en el mismo. Más en concreto, se trata de ver hasta qué punto las relaciones derivativas entre palabras contribuyen a una simplificación del inventario mental de entradas léxicas. Para ello, se examinan las dos hipótesis alternativas fundamentales que han sido propuestas a este respecto: la hipótesis de independencia, según la cual a cada palabra le correspondería una entrada léxica distinta y la hipótesis derivacional, según la cual habría una misma entrada léxica para cada familia de palabras relacionadas morfológicamente. Los datos procedentes de las distintas áreas de la investigación psicolinguistica (comprensión, producción, adquisición y trastornos del lenguaje) parecen apoyar esta segunda hipótesis, aunque se hace notar la falta de resultados cruciales que permitan descartar la hipótesis de independencia o alguna versión modificada de la misma. Sin embargo, aun en el caso de qùe hubiera entradas léxicas distintas, sería preciso postular algún mecanismo adicional que diera cuenta de la información morfológica que utiliza el sujeto en el procesamiento de palabras.     

El abuso de drogas y su prevención

RESUMEN

Probablemente el consumo de drogas por la humanidad es tan lejano como su misma historia. De hecho, casi todas las culturas disponen de una droga que acompaña sus rituales sociales, religiosos, o ambos. El ejemplo más cercano se nos presenta en la transformación del vino en la liturgia católica.

El consumo de drogas viene condicionado por la interación individuo/ambiente, con toda su complicidad cultural, educativa, consumista, etc. Su prevención es, por tanto, de enorme complejidad y supone una confluencia de esfuerzos entre las diferentes estructuras sociales, que van desde procedimientos legales hasta programas educativos, campañas de consumo, marketing, reestructuración de la economía, educación sanitaria y procedimientos individuales de tratamiento y rehabilitación.

Este trabajo hace especial hincapié en los procedimientos psicológicos que deberían formar parte o tomarse en consideración en los programas educativos y de rehabilitación dirigidos a la labor preventiva.     

Health disparities between binary and non binary trans people: A community-driven survey

Abstract

Background: Genderqueer and nonbinary () people have remained largely invisible in health research. Previous research shows worse outcomes on health indicators for trans people when compared with cisgender controls, but the differences between binary trans and GQNB individuals are inconclusive.

Aims: To compare overall health and well-being of GQNB people with controls of trans men and trans women, taking into account the impact of the additive effect of their socio-economic position, as well as their current need for gender affirming medical interventions.

Methods: A community-driven survey was conducted in 2016 in five countries (Georgia, Poland, Serbia, Spain, and Sweden). Self-reported health and general well-being were analysed for differences between binary trans and GQNB respondents. The effects of multiple control variables (age, economic situation, educational level, belonging to an ethnic, religious, sexual or ability minority group, sex assigned at birth) as well as the current need for gender affirming medical interventions were controlled for.

Results: The sample consisted of 853 respondents aged 16 and older, with 254 trans women (29.8%), 369 trans men (43.2%), and 230 GQNB people (26%). GQNB respondents showed significantly worse self-reported health and worse general well-being in comparison to binary trans respondents. Additional negative impacts of having a lower educational level, having more economic stress, and belonging to a disability minority group were found. Being in need of gender affirming medical interventions contributed significantly to worse self-reported health, whereas being younger contributed to worse general well-being.

Discussion: In understanding health disparities between binary trans and GQNB people, it is necessary to take into account the additive effect of multiple socio-economic positions, and the current need for gender affirming medical interventions. The high proportion of GQNB respondents who report worse health outcomes highlights the need for policy makers and health-care providers in creating nonbinary-inclusive environments.     

Introduction: primitivism versus reductionism about the problem of the unity of the proposition

Synthese - We present here the papers selected for the volume on the Unity of Propositions problems. After summarizing what the problems are, we locate them in a spectrum from those aiming to...     

A Wittgensteinian View of Mind and Self-Knowledge

Philosophia - This paper defends a Wittgenstein-inspired conception of the nature of mind and self-knowledge. Thus, it is claimed that the mind is to be conceived as expressive behaviour; and that...     

Can small lesions induce language reorganization as large lesions do?

Shift of the cortical mechanisms of language from the usually dominant left to the non-dominant right hemisphere has been demonstrated in the presence of large brain lesions. Here, we report a similar phenomenon in a patient with a cavernoma over the anterolateral superior temporal gyrus associated with epilepsy. Language mapping was performed by two complementary procedures, magnetoencephalography, and electrocorticography. The maps, indicated right temporal lobe dominance for receptive language and left frontal lobe dominance for expressive language. These results indicate that a small lesion, associated with epilepsy, may produce selective shifting of receptive language mechanisms as large lesions have been known to produce.     

Application of piecewise hierarchical linear growth modeling to the study of continuity in behavioral development of baboons (Papio hamadryas)

In behavioral science, developmental discontinuities are thought to arise when the association between an outcome measure and the underlying process changes over time. Sudden changes in behavior across time are often taken to indicate that a reorganization in the outcome-process relationship may have occurred. The authors proposed in this article the use of piecewise hierarchical linear growth modeling as a statistical methodology to search for discontinuities in behavioral development and illustrated its possibilities by applying 2-piece hierarchical linear models to the study of developmental trajectories of baboon (Papio hamadryas) mothers' behavior during their infants' 1st year of life. The authors provided empirical evidence that piecewise growth modeling can be used to determine whether abrupt changes in development trajectories are tied to changes in the underlying process.