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61.
Pilar Mart��nez Mar��a Jos�� Carrasco Gonzalo Aza Angeles Blanco Isabel Espinar 《Sex roles》2011,65(11-12):813-826
In dual-earner families the balance between work and family demands facilitates the development of guilt feelings when parents perceive a non-fulfillment of their responsibilities in childcare. Specifically, women who aspire to personal and professional development on the basis of more egalitarian gender role models must deal with the traditional stereotypes that maintain an intensive maternity mandate that prioritizes the family. On the other hand, for men the role change is primarily in the family setting with the development of a new father role more involved in the care of their children, which is not easily compatible with the more traditional breadwinner role. This study explored the feelings of guilt about parenting in 251 employed Spanish parents with children between 3 and 6 years of age, through the Scale of Guilt Feelings about Parenting, and its relationship with traditional stereotypes of maternal and family role. The scale addresses diverse situations pertaining to child rearing in which work requirements do not allow parents full availability for the care of their children. This availability is present in the model of intensive maternity and in the new father role model. Results indicate the presence of similar and high levels of guilt in fathers and mothers, although in men guilt is related to a non-traditional family role ideology, whereas in women guilt is related to a more traditional maternal role stereotype. 相似文献
62.
Many theories of contingency learning assume (either explicitly or implicitly) that predicting whether an outcome will occur should be easier than making a causal judgment. Previous research suggests that outcome predictions would depart from normative standards less often than causal judgments, which is consistent with the idea that the latter are based on more numerous and complex processes. However, only indirect evidence exists for this view. The experiment presented here specifically addresses this issue by allowing for a fair comparison of causal judgments and outcome predictions, both collected at the same stage with identical rating scales. Cue density, a parameter known to affect judgments, is manipulated in a contingency learning paradigm. The results show that, if anything, the cue-density bias is stronger in outcome predictions than in causal judgments. These results contradict key assumptions of many influential theories of contingency learning. 相似文献
63.
There is accumulating evidence that a variety of species possess quantitative abilities although their cognitive substrate
is still unclear. This study is the first to investigate whether sea lions (Otaria flavescens), in the absence of training, are able to assess and select the larger of two sets of quantities. In Experiment 1, the two
sets of quantities were presented simultaneously as whole sets, that is, the subjects could compare them directly. In Experiment
2, the two sets of quantities were presented item-by-item, and the totality of items was never visually available at the time
of choice. For each type of presentation, we analysed the effect of the ratio between quantities, the difference between quantities
and the total number of items presented. The results showed that (1) sea lions can make relative quantity judgments successfully
and (2) there is a predominant influence of the ratio between quantities on the subjects’ performance. The latter supports
the idea that an analogue representational mechanism is responsible for sea lions’ relative quantities judgments. These findings
are consistent with previous reports of relative quantities judgments in other species such as monkeys and apes and suggest
that sea lions might share a similar mechanism to compare and represent quantities. 相似文献
64.
Estrada F Rigali-Oiler M Arciniega GM Tracey TJ 《Journal of counseling psychology》2011,58(3):358-367
Machismo continues to be a defining aspect of Mexican American men that informs a wide array of psychological and behavioral dimensions. Although strides have been made in this area of research, understanding of the role of this construct in the lives of gay men remains incomplete. Our purpose in this study was to gain a deeper understanding of machismo using a sample of Mexican American gay men. This study examined for the first time whether a 2-factor model of machismo previously validated with heterosexual, Mexican American men generalized to a sample of 152 gay men of similar ethnic background. Relations between machismo, sexual risk, and internalized homophobia were also explored. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the 2-factor model with the current sample. Results also indicated machismo as predicting internalized homophobia and as an index of risky sex. Limitations are presented and implications are discussed. 相似文献
65.
People with Williams syndrome, a neurodevelopmental genetic syndrome, typically have good language skills as compared to other cognitive abilities, as far as intellectual disability is concerned. They have a large vocabulary and they frequently use uncommon or rarely-used words. This has led some authors to consider that they have a peculiar semantic system, different from that of people with typical development. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by comparing the performance of a group of young adults with Williams syndrome to a control group using various lexico-semantic tasks, including semantic and phonological fluency. The results indicate that the semantic system of people with Williams syndrome does not seem to differ much from those in the control group because the words they produced were similar to those of the control group with regard to word frequency, length or the typicality of the responses within the categories. 相似文献
66.
Responses to stimuli are faster when the stimulus location spatially corresponds to the required response (standard Simon
effect). Recently, a similar effect has been observed with monocular stimuli. Responses were faster when the response location
and the stimulated eye corresponded (monocular Simon effect). It has been suggested that distinct mechanisms may underlie
these two Simon effects. Here, we attempted to study these two mechanisms simultaneously. For mean reaction time, a finding
of perfect additivity was obtained. These behavioral data coupled with surface electrophysiological measures support the view
that two different mechanisms contribute independently to the monocular and standard Simon effect. 相似文献
67.
Anthony L. Albiston Ruani N. Fernando Holly R. Yeatman Peta Burns Leelee Ng Dina Daswani Shanti Diwakarla Vi Pham Siew Yeen Chai 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2010,93(1):19-30
The AT4 ligands, angiotensin IV and LVV-hemorphin 7, elicit robust effects on facilitating memory by binding to a specific site in the brain historically termed the angiotensin AT4 receptor. The identification of the AT4 receptor as insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is controversial, with other proteins speculated to be the target(s) of these peptides. In this study we have utilized IRAP knockout mice to investigate IRAP in the brain. We demonstrate that the high-affinity binding site for angiotensin IV is absent in IRAP knockout mice brain sections in parallel with the loss of IRAP immunostaining, providing irrefutable proof that IRAP is the specific high-affinity binding site for AT4 ligands. However, our characterization of the behavioural phenotype of the IRAP knockout mice revealed a totally unexpected finding. In contrast to the acute effects of IRAP inhibitors in enhancing memory, deletion of the IRAP gene resulted in mice with an accelerated, age-related decline in spatial memory that was only detected in the Y maze paradigm. Moreover, no alterations in behaviour of the IRAP knockout mice were observed that could assist in elucidating the endogenous substrate(s). Our results highlight the importance of analysing the behavioural phenotype of knockout mice across different ages and in distinct memory paradigms. 相似文献
68.
Barriers perceived by teachers at work, coping strategies, self-efficacy and burnout 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study examines the relationships among stressors, coping strategies, self-efficacy and burnout in a sample of 724 Spanish primary and secondary teachers. We understood stressors as barriers perceived by teachers that interfere with their work meeting learning objectives and which cause them stress and burnout. An analysis of teacher responses using hierarchical regression revealed that pedagogical barriers had significant positive effects on the burnout dimensions. Furthermore, the results show not only the moderator role played by coping strategies in the pedagogical barriers-burnout dimensions relationship, but also the association between self-efficacy and the coping strategies used by teachers. Practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
69.
The interaction between vision and language processing is clearly of interest to both cognitive psychologists and psycholinguists.
Recent research has begun to create understanding of the interaction between vision and language in terms of the representational
issues involved. In this paper, we first review some of the theoretical and methodological issues in the current vision–language
interaction debate. Later, we develop a model that attempts to account for effects of affordances and visual context on language-scene
interaction as well as the role of sensorimotor simulation. The paper addresses theoretical issues related to the mental representations
that arise when visual and linguistic systems interact. 相似文献
70.
Hallé PA Dominguez A Cuetos F Segui J 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(1):177-192
In a series of 4 experiments, the authors show that phonological repair mechanisms, known to operate in the auditory modality, are directly translated in the visual modality. This holds with the provision that printed stimuli are presented for a very brief duration and that the effect of phonological repair is tested after a delay of some 100 ms has elapsed after that presentation. The case of phonological repair chosen to exemplify the parallelism between print and speech is the prosthesis of /e/ in utterances beginning with /s/ followed by a consonant in Spanish. Native speakers of Spanish hear a prothetic /e/ in auditorily presented pseudowords such as special (/speojal/, derived from "especial") as well as stuto (/stuto/, derived from "astuto"). It is shown here that they also hear that same vowel /e/ when presented with the printed pseudowords "special" and "stuto." This finding of a phonological repair effect in print has implications for the issue of phonological activation from print, as well as for the prelexical locus and mandatory nature of phonological repair mechanisms in general. 相似文献