Applying principles of development to help at-risk preschoolers develop numeracy

In a yoked control design, multicultural Head Start 4-year-olds played numerous games involving either numeracy or the oddity principle and insertions into series. Children showed better mastery of oddity and insertions after playing games directed at those two concepts. Numeracy scores on the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (D. McCarthy, 1972) were equivalent for children who played numeracy games and children who played oddity and insertion games. These results are consistent with other research indicating that the understanding of oddity relations and that of insertions are key transitional thinking abilities that support numeracy at the preschool-kindergarten interface.     

The application of Sheppard's correction for grouping

This paper attempts to show in a non-mathematical way the influence of grouping on standard deviations and correlations, and advances empirical evidence to illustrate with what accuracy values corrected for grouping by Sheppard's correction approximate to values obtained from ungrouped data when the distributions are continuous. This enquiry gained its initial stimulus from the observation that many standard deviations and correlations reported by students of psychology and education are uncorrected for grouping and that frequently errors attributable to the grouping of data are not small when compared with errors of sampling.     

The Others: Finding and Counting America's Invisible Churches

The 2010 U. S. Religious Census: Religious Congregations and Membership Survey (RCMS) is the most comprehensive picture of U.S. religious life, county by county. How thorough is the RCMS in covering local religious groups? To answer this question, three county snapshots were performed with collected data compared to the RCMS 2010 reported numbers. Data suggest that there has been an underreport by as much as 25 percent of the number of local congregations in these counties. New and emerging religious movements and denominations as well as ethnic congregations comprise much of this percentage, making it more imperative for scholars to develop methodologies and frameworks in order to capture these “others” and invisible churches in America.     

关于儿童言语发展连续性与非连续性争论的进展

语言发展的结构主义观点强调咿呀发音和正式言语发展之间的非连续性,并且多年来始终是儿童言语获得方面的一种主导性理论,由此导致对儿童前言语发音行为的忽视。为了寻求言语发展的前体（ｐｒｅｃｕｓｏｒ）,从６０年代中期开始,发展心理学家增加对儿童前言语发音行为的研究,并在儿童前言语发音和正式言语的比较性研究中不断找到证据支持言语发展的连续性观点,但即使一些支持言语发展连续性主张的研究人员也承认在发音行为的某些方面存在着发展的非连续性。     

Inclusive strategies for restraining aggression—lessons from classical Chinese culture[1]

An extensive body of Chinese philosophical thought suggests a redefinition of international security in terms of a non‐threatening formulation of Comprehensive Security. In one culture viewed as particularly ‘strategic’, i.e. Chinese culture, we find strong traditions of inclusive, non‐aggressive forms of security. Mo Tzu and the school of Mohism (5th‐3rd centuries BC) developed a rigorous body of thought and practice based on universal regard, the protection of small states, and disesteem for aggressive wars. This is paralleled by a more general emphasis in the classical Chinese philosophical and political tradition on the means of civilisation (wen) over the methods of brute warfare (wu). In modem regional crises such as the dispute between Taiwan and the PRC (People's Republic of China), it is crucial to engage the wen (cultured) aspect of the political tradition. In this context, deterrence of aggression by reciprocal threats is only a short‐term solution.     

Becoming a Secondary Survivor of Sexual Assault

A model of secondary-survivor (R. Remer & Elliott, 1988a, 1988b) healing is presented based on the experiences of male partners attending a support group. The focus is on both the resources and strengths required for becoming a secondary survivor and the difficulties often encountered in coordinating individual and relationship aspects of healing. Particular stress is given the need to develop and maintain a balanced, interdependent perspective, one that is fair to both secondary and primary victims engaged in the healing process. The role of counselors and therapists in promoting optimal interaction is also suggested.     

A COMPARISON OF TIME DELAY AND DECREASING PROMPT HIERARCHY STRATEGIES IN TEACHING BANKING SKILLS TO STUDENTS WITH MODERATE HANDICAPS

Four students with moderate handicaps were taught to cash checks and to use an automatic teller through either a decreasing prompt hierarchy or time delay procedure. The strategies were compared within a multielement design. Results indicated that both strategies led to the acquisition of the target tasks; however, the decreasing prompt hierarchy was more efficient. Four and 8-week follow-up probes indicated that the strategies were equally effective in producing maintenance of performance.