Are we all exploiters?*

This paper argues that two single-factor accounts of exploitation are inadequate and instead defends a two-factor account. Purely distributive accounts of exploitation, which equate exploitation with unfair transaction, make exploitation pervasive and cannot deliver the intuition that exploiters are blameworthy. Recent, non-distributive alternatives, which make unfairness unnecessary for exploitation, largely avoid these problems, but their arguments for the non-necessity of unfairness are unconvincing. This paper defends a two factor account according to which A exploits B iff A gains unfairly from B and either A believes that the gains he receives in the transaction wrong B, or A is culpably unaware that the gains he receives in the transaction wrong B. This account avoids the problems of non-distributive approaches and also delivers the intuition that exploiters are blameworthy.     

2008海峡两岸易学文化研讨会闭幕词(2008年9月23日)

尊敬的刘大钧先生、尊敬的邵崇龄先生, 尊敬的各位领导、各位与会代表、各位朋友: 大家下午好! 经过三天热烈而有序的讨论,到今天下午"2008海峡两岸易学文化研讨会"顺利完成了大会各项议题,取得了圆满成功.