青少年药物滥用的防治

随着社会转型所带来的生活方式多元化,青少年药物滥用现象,在威胁着青少年身心健康的同时,也破坏了社会的和谐与发展.一般来说,其形成原因包括自身、家庭、学校和社会等多种因素,因而,预防和解决青少年药物滥用问题,就需要建立一套涉及多个层面的防治体系.     

Applying principles of development to help at-risk preschoolers develop numeracy

In a yoked control design, multicultural Head Start 4-year-olds played numerous games involving either numeracy or the oddity principle and insertions into series. Children showed better mastery of oddity and insertions after playing games directed at those two concepts. Numeracy scores on the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (D. McCarthy, 1972) were equivalent for children who played numeracy games and children who played oddity and insertion games. These results are consistent with other research indicating that the understanding of oddity relations and that of insertions are key transitional thinking abilities that support numeracy at the preschool-kindergarten interface.     

The Others: Finding and Counting America's Invisible Churches

The 2010 U. S. Religious Census: Religious Congregations and Membership Survey (RCMS) is the most comprehensive picture of U.S. religious life, county by county. How thorough is the RCMS in covering local religious groups? To answer this question, three county snapshots were performed with collected data compared to the RCMS 2010 reported numbers. Data suggest that there has been an underreport by as much as 25 percent of the number of local congregations in these counties. New and emerging religious movements and denominations as well as ethnic congregations comprise much of this percentage, making it more imperative for scholars to develop methodologies and frameworks in order to capture these “others” and invisible churches in America.     

关于儿童言语发展连续性与非连续性争论的进展

语言发展的结构主义观点强调咿呀发音和正式言语发展之间的非连续性,并且多年来始终是儿童言语获得方面的一种主导性理论,由此导致对儿童前言语发音行为的忽视。为了寻求言语发展的前体（ｐｒｅｃｕｓｏｒ）,从６０年代中期开始,发展心理学家增加对儿童前言语发音行为的研究,并在儿童前言语发音和正式言语的比较性研究中不断找到证据支持言语发展的连续性观点,但即使一些支持言语发展连续性主张的研究人员也承认在发音行为的某些方面存在着发展的非连续性。     

Inclusive strategies for restraining aggression—lessons from classical Chinese culture[1]

An extensive body of Chinese philosophical thought suggests a redefinition of international security in terms of a non‐threatening formulation of Comprehensive Security. In one culture viewed as particularly ‘strategic’, i.e. Chinese culture, we find strong traditions of inclusive, non‐aggressive forms of security. Mo Tzu and the school of Mohism (5th‐3rd centuries BC) developed a rigorous body of thought and practice based on universal regard, the protection of small states, and disesteem for aggressive wars. This is paralleled by a more general emphasis in the classical Chinese philosophical and political tradition on the means of civilisation (wen) over the methods of brute warfare (wu). In modem regional crises such as the dispute between Taiwan and the PRC (People's Republic of China), it is crucial to engage the wen (cultured) aspect of the political tradition. In this context, deterrence of aggression by reciprocal threats is only a short‐term solution.     

Becoming a Secondary Survivor of Sexual Assault

A model of secondary-survivor (R. Remer & Elliott, 1988a, 1988b) healing is presented based on the experiences of male partners attending a support group. The focus is on both the resources and strengths required for becoming a secondary survivor and the difficulties often encountered in coordinating individual and relationship aspects of healing. Particular stress is given the need to develop and maintain a balanced, interdependent perspective, one that is fair to both secondary and primary victims engaged in the healing process. The role of counselors and therapists in promoting optimal interaction is also suggested.     

A COMPARISON OF TIME DELAY AND DECREASING PROMPT HIERARCHY STRATEGIES IN TEACHING BANKING SKILLS TO STUDENTS WITH MODERATE HANDICAPS

Four students with moderate handicaps were taught to cash checks and to use an automatic teller through either a decreasing prompt hierarchy or time delay procedure. The strategies were compared within a multielement design. Results indicated that both strategies led to the acquisition of the target tasks; however, the decreasing prompt hierarchy was more efficient. Four and 8-week follow-up probes indicated that the strategies were equally effective in producing maintenance of performance.     

Individual Differences in Good Manners Rather Than Compassion Predict Fair Allocations of Wealth in the Dictator Game

One of the most common tools for studying pro‐sociality is the dictator game, in which allocations to one's partner are often described in terms of altruism. However, the motivations driving these allocations may represent either emotional concern for others (compassion), adherence to social norms regarding fairness (politeness), or both. In this article, we apply personality psychology to the study of behavior in the dictator game, in which we examine the discriminant validity of distinct pro‐social constructs from the Big Five and HEXACO models in relation to allocations of wealth. Across four studies (Study 1: N = 192; Study 2: N = 212; Study 3: N = 304; Study 4: N = 90) utilizing both hypothetical and incentivized designs, we found that the politeness—but not compassion—aspect of Big Five Agreeableness, as well as HEXACO Honesty‐Humility, uniquely predicted dictator allocations within their respective personality models. These findings contribute to a growing literature indicating that the standard dictator game measures “good manners” or adherence to norms concerning fairness, rather than pure emotional concern or compassionate motives, and have important implications for how this paradigm is used and interpreted in psychological research.     

海马NMDA受体经SP-NK1受体通路参与慢性应激诱发的抑郁样行为

为探讨海马N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartic acid, NMDA)受体与P物质(Substance P, SP)及其神经激肽1 (neurokinin1, NK1)受体在慢性不可预见性温和应激(chronic unpredictable mild stress, CUMS) 中的作用及其关系, 通过建立CUMS动物模型, 大鼠海马微量注射给药, 测量大鼠体重, 并采用糖水偏爱测试、旷场实验和悬尾实验等方法对大鼠进行行为学检测, 运用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法分析大鼠海马组织中SP和谷氨酸(glutamate, Glu)的含量变化。结果显示, CUMS诱发大鼠表现出明显的抑郁样行为, 海马组织中SP和Glu水平显著增加; 海马注射NMDA, 大鼠表现出与CUMS/SAL组相似的抑郁样行为, 且海马组织中SP的含量比正常对照组显著增加; 微量注射NK1受体阻断剂CP-96345和/或NMDA受体阻断剂MK-801后, 大鼠抑郁样行为明显改善, 且MK-801使CUMS导致的大鼠海马P物质水平升高得到明显控制, 而CP-96345没有明显改变CUMS引起的海马Glu水平升高; CP-96345使NMDA引起的抑郁样行为得到极显著改善。以上结果表明, 慢性应激引起大鼠海马Glu过量释放, 通过激活NMDA受体, 促进P物质合成释放增加, 激活NK1受体, 是导致抑郁样行为发生的重要途径之一。