Character strengths in 75 nations: An update

This study represents an extension of Park, Peterson, and Seligman, who found substantial convergence across 54 nations and all 50 US states in the self-report of character strengths. Though their overall sample was substantial, some countries were represented by as few as 20 cases. The present study updates their work, using a sample of 1,063,921 adults who completed the Values in Action Inventory-Inventory of Strengths online between 2002 and 2012. The results for 75 nations each represented by at least 150 respondents suggest substantial cross-cultural similarity in endorsement of the strengths. The most highly endorsed character strengths were Honesty, Fairness, Kindness, Judgment, and Curiosity, while the least endorsed were Self-Regulation, Modesty, Prudence, and Spirituality. Though the participants probably represent a biased sample for many of the countries examined in the study, these results suggest grounds exist for cross-cultural dialog on how to advance the development of good character.     

Deviant or Normal? Female Bodybuilders' Accounts of Social Reactions

In response to calls for more inclusive and nuanced studies of deviance, Heckert and Heckert (2002 Heckert , Alex and Druann Maria Heckert . 2002 . “A New Typology of Deviance: Integrating Normative and Reactivist Definitions of Deviance.” Deviant Behavior 23 : 449 – 479 .[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) developed a typology that incorporates both normative and reactive definitions. Their model accounts for negative deviance, positive deviance, deviance admiration, and deviant conformity (rate-busting). Through participant observation and in-depth interviews with ten amateur female bodybuilders at a university in the United States, we apply the typology to explain their perceptions of social reactions from a variety of audiences. Female bodybuilders' accounts of others' reactions to their increasingly muscular bodies, extreme dieting practices, and intense workout routines provide intriguing empirical examples of all four deviance types. Findings reflect the complexity of a deviance–conformity continuum and support the call for studies that go beyond negative social response and countercultural behavior or appearance.     

Niveles de procesamiento: Un marco para la investigación sobre la memoria

RESUMEN

Los autores comienzan su trabajo con una exposición de diversos alegatos a favor y en contra de los modelos multialmacén, considerando la validez de las pruebas en que se basan con referencia a los conceptos de capacidad, codificación y características del olvido, centrándose respecto a este último en la función de retención. Seguidamente proponen un marco alternativo en términos de niveles de procesamiento, manteniendo que el trazo de la memoria constituye un subproducto del análisis perceptivo y que su persistencia constituye una función positiva de la profundidad con la que se analiza el estímulo. Los autores reexaminan los datos existentes respecto al aprendizaje incidental, atención selectiva y almacén sensorial, distinción almacenamiento a corto/largo plazo, curva de posición serial y efectos de repetición y repaso. El trabajo termina aclarando que el enfoque de los autores no constituye una teoría sino más bien un marco conceptual con arreglo al cual podría proceder la investigación sobre memoria.     

Profundidad de procesamiento y retención de palabras en la memoria episódica

RESUMEN

Este artículo presenta diez experimentos diseñados para explorar el enfoque de la memoria humana en términos de niveles de procesamiento de la información propuesto por Craik y Lockhart (1972), en los que se inducía a los sujetos a que procesaran palabras a varias profundidades: a nivel superficial, intermedio y profundo. En la discusión general, los autores exponen varias razones por las que las concepciones originales de Craik y Lockhart parecen insatisfactorias, impulsando la idea de que la elaboración o “amplitud” de la codificación proporciona una mejor descripción de los resultados, además de señalar que la retención depende críticamente de los aspectos cualitativos de las operaciones de codificación ejecutadas. Por último, los autores afirman que parece necesario utilizar el “principio de congruencia” de Schulman (1974) para describir de una forma completa los efectos obtenidos y finalizan discutiendo las implicaciones generales de estos y otros experimentos.     

Assessing the impact of healthy work organization intervention

This research evaluates a healthy work organization intervention implemented in a retail setting. Using a participatory process, employee teams in 11 intervention stores developed customized plans for improving work organization at their sites. Ten comparable stores served as controls. Employee surveys were administered prior to the intervention and twice again at 12‐month intervals. Business results were compiled monthly for each store. The baseline data were used by the teams to identify needs and establish action priorities for their stores. Most study outcomes declined across time for all stores, due primarily to internal corporate events and a generally adverse economic environment. However, the intervention process appeared to buffer some of these declines; intervention stores fared better in terms of selected aspects of organizational climate and psychological work adjustment. Intervention stores also performed better than controls on general indices of perceived health and safety and two of the four business outcomes: employee turnover and sales per labour hour. These results are discussed in terms of the challenges involved in evaluating organizational‐level interventions in work settings.     

Distinct neural correlates for two types of inhibition in bilinguals: response inhibition versus interference suppression

To examine the effects of bilingualism on cognitive control, we studied monolingual and bilingual young adults performing a flanker task with functional MRI. The trial types of primary interest for this report were incongruent and no-go trials, representing interference suppression and response inhibition, respectively. Response times were similar between groups. Brain data were analyzed using partial least squares (PLS) to identify brain regions where activity covaried across conditions. Monolinguals and bilinguals activated different sets of brain regions for congruent and incongruent trials, but showed activation in the same regions for no-go trials. During the incongruent trials, monolinguals activated the left temporal pole and left superior parietal regions. In contrast, an extensive network including bilateral frontal, temporal and subcortical regions was active in bilinguals during the incongruent trials and in both groups for the no-go trials. Correlations between brain activity and reaction time difference relative to neutral trials revealed that monolinguals and bilinguals showed increased activation in different brain regions to achieve less interference from incongruent flankers. Results indicate that bilingualism selectively affects neural correlates for suppressing interference, but not response inhibition. Moreover, the neural correlates associated with more efficient suppression of interference were different in bilinguals than in monolinguals, suggesting a bilingual-specific network for cognitive control.     

Causation and the Making/Allowing Distinction

Philosophical Studies -     

Differentiating Phenomenology and Dance

This paper critically reviews phenomenological philosophy of the body in light of postmodern and postcolonial critiques of universalism. It aims to recast the notion of the lived body in plural rather than singular terms. It does so within the context of phenomenology and dance, using cultural anthropology to highlight the sense in which bodies are culturally and corporeally specific. The notion of corporeal specificity is applied to the perception of dance, paying particular attention to questions of power and hegemony. This is not to reject phenomenology, but to differentiate it according to its social, historical and kinaesthetic milieux.