The orienting of attention has been found to be influenced by the previous cueing status in a spatial-cueing paradigm. The explanation for this sequence effect remains uncertain. This study separated the involuntary and the voluntary components of arrow cueing by manipulating the predicted target locations. For example, a left arrow cue may have indicated that the target was more likely to appear at the up location. Therefore, three trial types were repeated or switched between trials: cued (targets appeared along the direction of the arrows), predicted (targets appeared at the locations predicted by the arrows), and unrelated (targets appeared at the other two locations, neither cued nor predicted). RTs of cued trials were found to be significantly facilitated after a previous cued trial; however, the same effect was not observed for predicted trials. The results suggest that significant sequence effects are induced only in the involuntary component of arrow cueing. The findings support the feature-integration hypothesis for the sequence effect of symbolic cueing.
In an experiment with 80 participants in China, protagonists with opposing views in organizations that valued collectivism, compared to individualism, were found to develop cooperative goals, were confident that they could work, sought to understand, and demonstrated that they understood the opposing arguments, accepted these arguments as reasonable, and combined positions to create an integrated decision. The inductions comparing participants who valued harmony as a goal or a technique in which they pretended to agree were only partially effective and did not yield significant differences on conflict dynamics and outcomes. Findings challenge traditional theorizing that collectivistic values lead to conflict avoidance, and support recent arguments that strong, cooperative relationships promote the productive discussion of opposing views in decision making. 相似文献
A dominant theme in modeling human perceptual judgments is that sensory neural activity is summed or integrated until a critical bound is reached. Such models predict that, in general, the shape of response time distributions change across conditions, although in practice, this shape change may be subtle. An alternative view is that response time distributions are shape invariant across conditions or groups. Shape invariance is predicted by some race models in which the first of several parallel fibers to communicate the signal determines the response. We competitively assess a specific gradual growth model, the one-bound diffusion model, against a natural shape-invariant competitor: shape invariance in an inverse Gaussian distribution. Assessment of subtle shape change versus shape invariance of response time distributions is aided by a Bayesian approach that allows the pooling of information across multiple participants. We find, conditional on reasonable distributional assumptions, subtle shape changes in response time that are highly concordant with a simple diffusion gradual growth model and discordant with shape invariance. 相似文献
Much of the reading that we do occurs near our hands. Previous research has revealed that spatial processing is enhanced near
the hands, potentially benefiting several processes involved in reading; however, it is unknown whether semantic processing—another
critical aspect of reading—is affected near the hands. While holding their hands either near to or far from a visual display,
our subjects performed two tasks that drew on semantic processing: evaluation of the sensibleness of sentences, and the Stroop
color-word interference task. We found evidence for impoverished semantic processing near the hands in both tasks. These results
suggest a trade-off between spatial processing and semantic processing for the visual space around the hands. Readers are
encouraged to be aware of this trade-off when choosing how to read a text, since both kinds of processing can be beneficial
for reading. 相似文献
Unlike some western scholars who limit their interpretation of modernity and its source to conceptual, cultural, value, and
psychological dimensions, Marx pointed out that modernity came mainly from modern production system. Starting from the historical
context of his time, Marx explored various aspects of modernity and pointed out that modernity was inherent in the logic of
capital, resided in the process of historical evolution, arose in social conflicts and segmentation, and presented itself
in a global horizon. The logic of capital, the historical viewpoint, the theory of contradiction and a global perspective
are fundamental in Marx’s analysis of the problems of modernity. Marx’s ideas of modernity are methodologically significant
to the construction of modernity in contemporary Chinese society.
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Translated from Zhongguo Shehui Kexue 中国社会科学 (China Social Sciences), 2005 (4) by Xing Lijun 相似文献
Discontinuous precipitation in a two-phase Zn-rich Zn-6.3at.%Ag alloy has been studied. It has been shown that the eta/epsilon interphase boundaries have the ability to initiate discontinuous precipitation as do the eta/eta grain boundaries. The back-polishing method is used to show the interconnection between a discontinuous precipitate colony and the eta/epsilon interphase boundary. The reaction front velocity of discontinuous precipitation initiated at the eta/eta grain boundary is 12-90% higher than that of discontinuous precipitation initiated at the eta/epsilon interphase boundary under various ageing temperatures. 相似文献