基于三参照点理论的薪酬差距与离职决策的分析

离职是组织管理研究中一个重要的课题, 但鲜有研究将其纳入风险决策的框架中。本文运用行为决策的研究方法, 将离职作为一种风险选择, 运用三参照点理论探讨个体薪酬差距与离职决策之间的关系。我们的理论分析和初步的预研究发现：(1)个体薪酬现状与底线的差距负向预测离职决策, 薪酬目标与现状的差距正向预测离职决策; (2)进一步推导出薪酬差距与离职决策间存在双拐点的非线性函数关系; (3)同行现状收入作为横向参照系, 在薪酬差距与离职决策两者之间起锚定作用; (4)组织中薪酬分布的差距大小作为纵向参照系, 在薪酬差距与离职决策两者之间起调节作用。本研究将离职作为一种风险决策进行研究, 不仅对于离职理论与决策理论的发展有一定意义, 而且为人力资源管理实践提供了指导与启示。     

时间感知差异对跨期选择倾向的影响作用

本研究从人格特质差异角度出发, 采用简单跨期选择任务考察了由时距复制任务筛选的两类时距估计倾向不同的群体(时间高估者和时间低估者)在跨期选择中行为倾向的差异, 旨在探讨时间感知在跨期决策中的影响作用。结果发现：(1)无论任务难易, 与时间低估者相比, 时间高估者在跨期选择时更倾向于选择即时兑现的较小奖赏。(2)时间高估者和低估者的跨期选择反应时没有明显的差异, 但二者的反应时受任务难度的影响程度明显不同, 时间高估者的跨期选择反应时不受任务难度的影响, 而时间低估者在任务困难时的反应时比任务容易时明显增长。这些结果表明, 在跨期选择过程中, 时间感知倾向差异明显地影响了个体的选择倾向。时间高估倾向个体对时距的高估可能会导致其在跨期选择权衡中对收益成本的高估, 进而做出冲动的选择行为。     

中文阅读中词汇视觉编码的年龄特征：来自眼动研究的证据

研究以小学三年级、小学五年级、大学生和老年读者为对象,采用消失文本范式,通过操作注视词消失的延迟时间,考察了不同年龄阶段读者对注视词进行视觉编码的过程.结果发现:(1)注视词延迟消失严重影响小学三年级和老年人的总阅读时间,但对小学五年级和大学生读者总阅读时间的影响不显著;(2)注视词消失不影响小学五年级、大学生和老年读者基于词的平均凝视时间,但影响小学三年级读者的平均凝视时间;(3)所有消失条件都不影响大学生被试的基于词的回视次数,但严重影响小学三年级、小学五年级和老年读者的回视次数.这些结果表明,中文阅读过程中,对注视词的视觉编码能力在小学五年级阶段已趋于成熟,但进入老年阶段出现老化;视觉编码的保持在儿童词汇识别的中后期加工阶段中仍起到一定作用.     

国内变革型领导近十年的研究进展*

变革型领导成为我国双转型时期理论界和实践界共同关注的热点。本文在简要说明我国变革型领导发展历程的基础上,运用频数分析法探讨了进入21世纪以来发表在国内17种重要期刊的86篇论文,从变革型领导的结构和测量、变革型领导的影响因素和有效性以及变革型领导有效性的作用机制三个方面梳理了变革型领导近十年的研究成果。最后,我们从以下方面展望了中国变革型领导的未来方向：第一,中国变革型领导的概念：移植和本土化;第二,样本代表性：普遍样本和典型样本;第三,结构：中国的变革型领导结构和变革型领导的中国结构;第四,层次研究：个体、群体、组织、差异化;第五,影响因素和情境研究：嵌入和具体。     

Impact of coherent and incoherent twin boundaries on the microhardness of annealed nanocrystalline Ni–W alloys

The microstructural evolution of nanocrystalline Ni–W alloys with annealing temperature and more specifically grain boundary (GB) character is investigated through several techniques and correlated with the hardening behaviour. It is shown that two distinct regions can be identified in relation to the annealing temperature and the microstructural evolution. At temperatures below 550 °C (Regime I), a small increase in grain size is observed and is accompanied by a significant hardening and an increase in the fraction of Σ3 incoherent twin boundaries. At temperatures above 550 °C (Regime II), the thermal stability is overcome and important grain growth occurs with a decrease in both the volumic fraction of GBs and the microhardness. It is suggested that the microhardness evolution during heat treatment is influenced by two opposing processes: an increase in the fraction of incoherent twin boundaries (hardening effect) and grain growth (softening effect). Both aspects are directly associated with the mean free path of mobile dislocations.     

Parental Support for Autonomy and Child Depressive Symptoms in Middle Childhood: The Mediating Role of Parent–Child Attachment

To facilitate understanding of the factors associated with child depressive symptoms in middle childhood, we examined the roles of parental support for autonomy and parent–child attachment in child depressive symptoms among 150 Chinese parent–child dyads. The participating children’s ages ranged from 6 to 12 years old. Parental support for autonomy was coded from a conflict resolution and a cooperation task. Children reported their depressive symptoms and their attachment relationships with the participating parents. After controlling for parent depressive symptoms, parental support for autonomy was associated with fewer child depressive symptoms. The association between parental support for autonomy and child depressive symptoms was mediated by parent–child attachment quality, suggesting that parental support for autonomy was negatively associated with child depressive symptoms through its positive association with parent–child attachment quality. Moreover, the positive association between parental support for autonomy and parent–child attachment quality was stronger for older children. The current study expanded the knowledge on parental support for autonomy in middle-childhood and its association with parent–child relationships and child mental health. Future research is encouraged to pay more attention to the role of parental support for autonomy in various aspects of child development for children in middle-childhood and pre-adolescence.     

Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on posttraumatic growth of Chinese breast cancer survivors

Breast cancer (BC) patients in China suffered from a variety of psychology stress such as perceived stress and anxiety, posttraumatic growth (PTG) as a positive factor could promote their psychology health and quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on promoting PTG, decreasing perceived stress and anxiety of Chinese BC patients. A randomized controlled trial of 60 BC patients (Stages I–III) was conducted. They were randomly divided to the 8-week MBSR group or usual care (UC) group. PTG inventory, Perceived Stress Scale of Chinese version (CPSS) and State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) evaluated the PTG level, perceived stress and anxiety at three times(before intervention-T1, after intervention-T2 and follow up at 3 months-T3). A repeated-measures analysis of variance model was used to compare each outcome measure of two groups at the three times. There was one patient discontinued the intervention and one lose to follow up in MBSR group, finally 58 BC patients completed the research. There was no difference between two groups before the intervention. The results showed significant improvements in MBSR group comparing with the UC group that PTG level was much higher after the 8-week intervention and the follow up (F = 34.73, p < .00). At the same time, CPSS (F = 14.41, p < .00) and STAI (F = 15.24, p < .00) scores were significant decreased at T2 and T3. The results showed that MBSR promoted the level of PTG and decreased perceived stress and anxiety state of Chinese BC patients, and the results persisted at three months after intervention. The research preliminary proved that MBSR was suitable to Chinese BC patients. MBSR should be recommending to BC survivors in China.     

Similarity in Gender and Self‐Esteem for Supportive Peer Relationships: The Mediating Role of Cooperative Goals1

The present study investigated whether cooperative goals mediate the relationship between similarity in gender and self‐esteem and social support and relationship quality in ongoing peer dyads. Based on data collected from 209 student dyads, the findings largely support the mediating role of cooperative goals. However, the study found that gender similarity was positively related while self‐esteem similarity was negatively related to cooperative goals and relationship quality of peer dyad members.