第六讲：肿瘤学研究中循证医学的应用

病人的治疗结果取决于医生治疗方案选择的好坏,然而,为获得最佳的治疗方案,医务工作者需要有可靠的研究证据支持。循证医学以及Cochrane协作网和其它多种循证资源,作为一种新的获得高质量医学证据的方法和途径,在肿瘤学研究中起到了重要作用。在循证肿瘤学领域有很多组织提供高质量的指南,然而,循证肿瘤学以及基于循证证据的指南仍可能是有暇疵的。     

双相障碍及其社会-心理治疗的研究现状

双相障碍是以起伏性躁狂或抑郁为特征的慢性周期性精神疾病。近年来,社会-心理疗法作为药物治疗的辅助手段被引入到该类疾病的治疗过程中。本文基于近期关于双相障碍的病因学的研究,评述了各种不同形式的社会-心理疗法在双相障碍治疗中的应用及其疗效,指出今后的研究需要进行严格的临床设计,以保证不同研究间的可比性和可重复性;应尽可能延长追踪观察的时间,并进行大样本多变量研究,以保证研究结果的普遍性。     

再谈十字军东侵

5年前,应《科学与无神论》杂志编辑部之约,我谈了十字军东侵的经过。今天我准备再谈谈它的原因、后果及对后世的深远影响。一、十字军东侵的起因十字军东侵的起因是多方面的,主要有以下几点:一是当时西欧封建主迫切要求新的领地和资源。他们从领地上的剥削所得,已经不能满足自己的欲望,希望得到东方的财富,因而积极支持十字军东侵活动。二是无领地的骑士收入微薄,往往债台高筑,依靠服军役和打劫商旅为生。因此他们把目光投向东方,希冀到那里去发财致富。三是西欧城市商人,特别是意大利的商人,热衷于十字军的东侵。他们为了商业利益,希望夺取…     

How socioemotional setting modulates late-stage conflict resolution processes in the lateral prefrontal cortex

The goal-directed control of behaviour critically depends on emotional regulation and constitutes the basis of mental well-being and social interactions. Within a socioemotional setting, it is necessary to prioritize effectively the relevant emotional information over interfering irrelevant emotional information to orchestrate cognitive resources and achieve appropriate behavior. Currently, it is elusive whether and how different socioemotional stimulus dimensions modulate cognitive control and conflict resolution. Theoretical considerations suggest that interference effects are less detrimental when conflicting emotional information is presented within a “positive socioemotional setting” compared with a “negative socioemotional setting.” Using event-related potentials (ERPs) and source localization methods, we examined the basic system neurophysiological mechanisms and functional neuroanatomical structures associated with interactive effects of different interfering facial, socioemotional stimulus dimensions on conflict resolution. We account for interactive effects of different interfering socioemotional stimulus dimensions on conflict resolution, i.e., we show how the socioemotional valence modulates cognitive control (conflict processing). The data show that conflicts are stronger and more difficult to resolve in a negative emotional task-relevant setting than in a positive emotional task-relevant setting, where incongruent information barely induced conflicts. The degree of emotional conflict critically depends on the contextual emotional valence (positive or negative) in which this conflict occurs. The neurophysiological data show that these modulations were only reflected by late-stage conflict resolution processes associated with the middle (MFG) and superior frontal gyrus (SFG). Attentional selection processes and early-stage conflict monitoring do not seem to be modulated by interactive effects of different interfering socioemotional stimulus dimensions on conflict resolution.     

论市场经济条件下的有限诚信原则

诚信是一种美德 ,这已经是不需要讨论的。但是 ,在市场经济领域 ,无论从道德功利主义推出的诚信原则 ,还是从道德理想主义推出的诚信原则都不具有普适性。因此 ,当前市场经济条件下的诚信原则应该是一种保持必要张力和弹性的有限诚信 ,这种诚信原则既具有广泛的普适性 ,又是培育手段和目的价值相统一的理想诚信精神的逻辑起点。     

TEM observation of oxide scale formed on a Ti–Al–Zr alloy oxidized at 360°C in alkaline steam

Ti–Al–Zr alloy has been oxidized at 360°C in alkaline steam at a pressure of 10.3?±?0.7?MPa. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations indicated that the oxide scale of Ti–Al–Zr alloy was composed of outer and inner subscales, in which the outer layer consists of anatase-TiO₂ and the inner layer a mixture of TiO and Ti₂O. The thickness of the Ti₂O, TiO and anatase-TiO₂ were approximately 50, 100 and 400?nm, respectively. These results were confirmed by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) measurements. The enhanced corrosion of titanium alloys in LiOH solution is attributed to a high hexagonal Ti₂O to tetragonal TiO₂ phase transformation rate induced by the substitution of Li⁺ for Ti⁴⁺ in the oxide layer.     

Performing well - Feeling bad? Effects of perfectionism under experimentally induced stress on tension and performance

The present study explored the influence of dispositional perfectionism (i.e. perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings) on tension and performance under low or high experimentally induced stress. Results support the moderating role of perfectionism concerning tension and indicate that stress-related processes underlie the vulnerability of perfectionistic concerns. In addition, buffering effects of perfectionistic strivings were found, supporting the 2 × 2 model of dispositional perfectionism by Gaudreau and Thompson (2010). No evidence was found for the moderating role of perfectionistic strivings concerning performance, but results provide evidence for positive effects of perfectionistic concerns on performance.