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241.
解读“反胜为败”的现象:一个“Choking”过程理论 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
运动员关键时刻以先赢后输的形式丢掉冠军的现象越来越多地发生在现代竞技体育比赛中。心理学上称之为压力下的“Choking”,并定义为压力条件下一种习惯的运动执行过程发生衰变的现象。对于“Choking”的研究开始于八十年代初中期,迄今为止,主要有干扰假说和自动执行假说解释其发生机制。但由于现有的假说过于简单,理论的研究一直不能为实践防治“Choking”提供可行的措施。本文基于笔者多年来的研究积累,就这一空缺,提出并讨论了一个“Choking”过程理论。该理论把“Choking”作为一个过程来讨论,包括引起因素、认知过程、应付过程和运动过程。根据过程理论,本文讨论了“Choking”发生机制。在此基础上,提供了防止“Choking”发生的具体可行性措施。 相似文献
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根据我们对当代宗教的了解,特别是宗教与政 治具有密切关系的特征,可以认为宗教具有以下的 发展趋势: 其一,宗教将继续面临来自内外的挑战 一方面,它的内部将继续发生分化。随着生活 现代化、世俗化的发展,传统宗教将进一步衰落, 人们对宗教的冷漠态度仍然会继续下去。各个宗教 内部的调整、更新、改革,仍会继续进行下去,自 相似文献
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Male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) learn to sing during a critical period in adolescence. We previously described a presynaptic protein, synelfin, whose mRNA is increased early in this critical period in a brain nucleus specifically implicated in song learning, lateral MAN (lMAN). In the current study, in situ hybridization was used to map this change in gene expression to the subregion of lMAN that projects to the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA), the principal motor output of the telencephalic circuit that controls song production. Using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, we detected numerous puncta of synelfin immunoreactivity that apparently represent presynaptic terminals from lMAN in the RA of young males. Synelfin immunoreactivity in RA declined abruptly between 40 and 45 days of age, a time of major synaptic reorganization in RA. This change did not occur until about 10 days after the decline in synelfin mRNA in cell bodies within lMAN, indicating a relatively slow turnover of the protein in presynaptic terminals and suggesting that some of the functional changes that occur during the critical period may arise from regulatory decisions that were initiated a week or more earlier. Depriving birds of tutoring did not halt or delay the decline of synelfin mRNA in lMAN. This change in gene expression must not be a consequence of early song learning, but may reflect an innate or programmed step in song circuit development. 相似文献
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Jennifer S. Ma Philip J. Batterham Alison L. Calear Jin Han 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2019,49(1):137-154
It remains unclear whether the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS; Joiner, 2005 ) is generalizable to the population or holds more explanatory power for certain subgroups compared to others. The aim of this study was to (1) identify subgroups of individuals who endorsed suicide ideation in the past month based on a range of mental health and demographic variables, (2) compare levels of the IPTS constructs within these subgroups, and (3) test the IPTS predictions for suicide ideation and suicide attempt for each group. Latent class, negative binomial, linear, and logistic regression analyses were conducted on population‐based data obtained from 1,321 adults recruited from Facebook. Among participants reporting suicide ideation, four distinct patterns of risk factors emerged based on age and severity of mental health symptoms. Groups with highly elevated mental health symptoms reported the highest levels of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness. Tests of the IPTS interactions provided partial support for the theory, primarily in young adults with elevated mental health symptoms. Lack of support found for the IPTS predictions across the subgroups and full sample in this study raise some questions around the broad applicability of the theory. 相似文献