输入方式对学语前聋生语篇理解的影响：文本和测题类型的调节效应

为了考察信息输入方式、文本类型和测题类型对聋生语篇理解的影响,研究通过录像呈现,以口语、手语、书面语三种输入方式向学语前极重度七、八、九年级聋生呈现叙述性和描述性两种文本类型的语篇信息,并要求其完成理解测试。结果显示：输入方式对聋生语篇理解的效率存在影响,书面语成绩最高且速度最快,依次为手语、口语,文本类型和测题类型对该影响有调节作用。结果表明输入方式是聋生语篇理解的主要影响因素,文本和测题类型是调节因素。     

再谈十字军东侵

5年前,应《科学与无神论》杂志编辑部之约,我谈了十字军东侵的经过。今天我准备再谈谈它的原因、后果及对后世的深远影响。一、十字军东侵的起因十字军东侵的起因是多方面的,主要有以下几点:一是当时西欧封建主迫切要求新的领地和资源。他们从领地上的剥削所得,已经不能满足自己的欲望,希望得到东方的财富,因而积极支持十字军东侵活动。二是无领地的骑士收入微薄,往往债台高筑,依靠服军役和打劫商旅为生。因此他们把目光投向东方,希冀到那里去发财致富。三是西欧城市商人,特别是意大利的商人,热衷于十字军的东侵。他们为了商业利益,希望夺取…     

法官自由裁量权的必要性及其道德诉求

自由裁量权是一项不可否弃的司法权力,社会生活的复杂性和法律自身的不足是其存在的根本原因。伴随着自由裁量权的是对法官职业道德素质的理性诉求。通过道德教育,提高法官的职业道德素质,是保证将正义等理念实现在自由裁量当中的重要环节。     

我国市场经济"信用"动力机制分析及其体系建构

现代社会生活的生产实践表明,分工是交换的前提,交换是分工的实现,这就是现代社会活动的全部内容和过程。在此事实基础上构建的市场经济体制,其管理理念内含着丰富的伦理意蕴[1]。本文首先分析阐述了市场经济信用体系的建立是市场经济体制内在规律的必然要求,揭示了“信用”是承诺者之间能量均衡与博弈的结果,既具有丰富的道德理性又具有明显的功利要求。文章进而通过对信用体系维护的动力因素及其与市场主体行为的相关性进行比较研究后指出:政府在参与市场经济活动中要坚持“有所为,有所不为”,应把政府置于经济利益之外,使之具有超脱于市场各成员的地位;同时,信用体系的创立和维护并不必然由政府主导,而是市场经济环境中公共合意选择的必然结果。     

关于孔子忠恕思想的界说问题

忠恕思想是孔子道德学说的核心内容 ,但学界对它所作的界说有分歧 ,不规范 ,而且现行的理解不符合孔子的原意。这必然会影响全球化时代这一重要思想在国际文化思想领域的广泛传播和竞争能力 ,应该加以辨正。在给这个思想下定义时 ,要注意到“忠恕”一词实际上表示因忠而恕的意思 ,而不是“忠”和“恕”的并列。     

Rowed to recovery: the use of phonological and orthographic information in reading Chinese and English

To examine how readers of Chinese and English take advantage of orthographic and phonological features in reading, the authors investigated the effects of spelling errors on reading text in Chinese and English using the error disruption paradigm of M. Daneman and E. Reingold (1993). Skilled readers in China and the United States read passages in their native language that contained occasional spelling errors. Results showed that under some circumstances very early phonological activation can be identified in English, but no evidence for early phonology was found in Chinese. In both languages, homophone errors showed a benefit in measures of later processing, suggesting that phonology helps readers recover from the disruptive effects of errors. These results suggest that skilled readers take advantage of the special features of particular orthographies but that these orthographic effects may be most pronounced in the early stages of lexical access.     

现行《医疗事故处理办法》的修改探析

现行《医疗事故处理办法》颁布实施１０ 年之久,新形势下需要对其进行修改和完善。“办法”的修改应该体现平等保护医患双方合法权益原则,合理界定医疗事故范围,调整医疗事故鉴定委员会的组成,建立完善的证据管理制度,明确医疗事故损失赔偿的范围和额度。     

When days are numbered: calendar structure and the development of calendar processing in English and Chinese.

Unlike English, Chinese uses a numerical system for naming months and days. This study explored whether this difference in naming affects the development of simple calendar calculation. Eight- and 10-year-old children as well as undergraduates in China and the United States were asked to name the day or month that comes a specified time before or after a given day or month. In each age group Chinese speakers primarily used calculation based on calendar names to solve these tasks, while English speakers primarily resorted to reciting the names. The magnitude of these differences was substantial; on difficult tasks Chinese fourth graders performed at speeds comparable to those of English-speaking adults. Implications for models of how linguistic structure affects cognition are discussed.     

个体对效价预期和风险评估的时程加工机制:来自ERP的证据

采用事件相关电位技术(ERP),通过简单赌博任务,操纵结果预期的效价(输或赢)与风险(高风险与低风险),考察了个体对结果预期阶段的效价和风险评估的脑内时程动态加工过程。脑电结果发现:(1)在N2成分上,结果预期的效价主效应显著,预期输比预期赢能够引起更大的N2波幅;结果预期的风险主效应不显著。(2)在N500成分上,效价与风险之间的交互作用边缘显著,进一步简单效应分析发现,在预期输的条件下,肯定会输的N500波幅显著大于可能会输;而在预期赢的条件下,肯定会赢与可能会赢之间的N500波幅差异不显著。这说明,在不确定决策过程中的结果预期阶段,个体可能先对结果预期的效价进行加工,然后再对风险进行评估。     

Age-related and situation-related social desirability responding among Chinese teachers

Social desirability responding (SDR) was affected by situation and age. However, most research is only concerned with overall SDR without considering the separation of impression management and self-deception. The purpose of this article is to explore the possible different effects of age and situation on the different components of SDR. A total of 158 teachers completed the BIDR at a 2 (high vs. low SDR situation) x 2 (20-29 vs. 30-39 years old) between-group experiment. The results of multivariate analyses, with gender and tenure controlled, suggested that the effects of age and situation on the four specific components were mixed. Impression management enhancement (IME) and denial (IMD) were significantly affected by situations. The older group had significantly higher self-deception enhancement (SDE) and IME scores than the younger one. Females had significantly higher IME scores than males. More age stages and the main effect of gender should be considered in the future.