Masked translation priming effects with low proficient bilinguals

Non-cognate masked translation priming lexical decision studies with unbalanced bilinguals suggest that masked translation priming effects are asymmetric as a function of the translation direction (significant effects only in the dominant [L1] to nondominant [L2] language translation direction). However, in contrast to the predictions of most current accounts of masked translation priming effects, bidirectional effects have recently been reported with a group of low proficient bilinguals Duyck & Warlop 2009 (Experimental Psychology 56:173–179). In a series of masked translation priming lexical decision experiments we examined whether the same pattern of effects would emerge with late and low proficient Greek (L1)–Spanish (L2) bilinguals. Contrary to the results obtained by Duyck and Warlop, and in line with the results found in most studies in the masked priming literature, significant translation priming effects emerged only when the bilinguals performed the task with L1 primes and L2 targets. The existence of the masked translation priming asymmetry with low proficient bilinguals suggests that cross-linguistic automatic lexico-semantic links may be established very early in the process of L2 acquisition. These findings could help to define models of bilingualism that consider L2 proficiency level to be a determining factor.     

儿童特质推理与情绪和效价线索理解的关系

本研究从情绪、效价两个角度探讨儿童特质理解与线索理解的关系。372名4、5、7岁儿童完成了贴标签和行为预测两类特质推理任务。实验一显示,所有年龄段儿童都能完成对情绪性特质害羞和胆小的推理,且特质和行为评定与情绪评定呈显著正相关;实验二显示,所有年龄段均能完成双重性质特质助人为乐和自私的推理,特质和行为评定与效价、情绪评定均呈显著正相关,回归分析则只有效价评定进入方程。结果说明,儿童完成情绪性特质推理任务时与情绪理解能力关系密切,而对双重性质特质推理时更多的与效价理解能力有关。     

关于晚期消化道肿瘤姑息性手术治疗的思考

晚期消化道肿瘤预后差,生存期短,容易合并某种或某些严重影响脏器功能、甚至危及生命的并发症,如果手术无法彻底根治,需要尽快处理,采取姑息性手术治疗能够缓解症状、减轻痛苦、改善生活质量,甚至达到延长生命的目的.在综合治疗过程中,外科手术能够为下一步治疗提供基础,创造条件.多年以来,对于晚期消化道肿瘤的治疗,姑息性手术取得一些进展.奉文就姑息性手术治疗原则和晚期消化道肿瘤常见的临床症状作以综述,归纳总结了相应的外科治疗术式或方法.     

The appeal of vague financial forecasts

Prior findings suggest managers often choose ranges to communicate uncertainty in future earnings. We analyzed earnings forecasts over 11 years and find higher earnings uncertainty firms are more likely to choose range estimates. We study investors’ attitudes to forecast precision and argue investors’ evaluations of forecasts can be explained by a sequential non-compensatory two-stage process – First, investors determine whether a point or a range estimate is more appropriate for a particular domain based on the congruence principle. Then, they seek the most precise reasonable range to maximize informativeness. Results from three experiments indicate the preference for (im)precision is non-monotonic – it peaks for low levels of imprecision and diminishes when the range gets wider, and is consistent with participants’ desire for congruent and informative estimates, and supports the claim that investors favor forecasts that are as precise as warranted by the information available, but not more precise.     

Age-related affective modulation of the startle eyeblink response: older adults startle most when viewing positive pictures

Previous studies reveal age by valence interactions in attention and memory, such that older adults focus relatively more on positive and relatively less on negative stimuli than younger adults. In the current study, eyeblink startle response was used to measure differences in emotional reactivity to images that were equally arousing to both age groups. Viewing positive and negative pictures from the International Affective Picture System had opposite effects on startle modulation for older and younger adults. Younger adults showed the typical startle blink pattern, with potentiated startle when viewing negative pictures compared to positive pictures. Older adults, on the other hand, showed the opposite pattern, with potentiated startle when viewing positive pictures compared to viewing negative and neutral pictures. Potential underlying mechanisms for this interaction are evaluated. This pattern suggests that, compared with younger adults, older adults are more likely to spontaneously suppress responses to negative stimuli and process positive stimuli more deeply.     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后无复流现象的综合解析

现已证明无复流现象的发生会明显降低经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)效果,影响患者近、远期预后.应用综合思维探讨无复流现象发生的机理、制定预防策略至关重要.     

医疗/医院伦理委员会

1背景 设立医疗/医院伦理委员会是为了帮助医疗人员和病人在现代科技医学造成的迷宫中找到一条出路.委员会主要是确保有一个良好的医疗决策过程,向病人提供帮助但不干预病人与医生的关系.为了实现这些目标,委员会必须进行自我教育,参与制定医疗机构的指导方针和政策,最重要的是要解决病人的个案,对病人的问题不仅要进行医学审查,还要进行生命伦理学方面的审查.     

网络医疗的发展和思考

随着科学技术、网络技术迅猛的发展,许多互联网业务如网上求医、网上购药、网上保健也日渐火热,成为人们防治疾病的又一手段.网络医疗是网络科技与医疗技术结合的产物,在信息高速发展的今天,它已成为医学交流中一道亮丽的风景线,各国都在不遗余力发展自己的远程医疗系统,这无疑将推动医学模式的进步.然而作为一种新的医疗手段,网络医疗目前仍存在着诸多的弊端和问题,这些问题反过来又可制约网络医疗的发展,因此必须在技术、政策、法律各方面予以完善,使之更好地服务于人类.     

可拓逻辑研究展望

可拓学是由我国学者自主创立的一门新学科,它研究以形式化的模型分析事物拓展的可能性和开拓创新的规律,形成解决矛盾问题的方法。中国科学院权威杂志《科学通报》在评论文章中指出:“可拓学是一门充满生命力的新学科,它的创立是中国人的骄傲,它不仅属于中国,更属于世界。”[1]经过30年的不断开拓,可拓学已经发展成为一门横跨哲学、数学与工程学的交叉学科,我们哲学界也可以积极对相关问题进行科学的研究和探索。本文拟从逻辑的角度谈谈可拓逻辑的研究设想,以期能够引起哲学界、逻辑学界对可拓学研究的关注。一可拓逻辑的研究价值人类的历史…     

相似性信息的激活对情境性表征影响的年龄差异

使用视觉搜索范式研究了6岁、9岁、12岁和成人,在限时和不限时呈现材料条件下对实物图形的视觉搜索及再认。结果表明:1)限时和不限时视觉搜索任务方式对视觉搜索和再认的准确性、反应时均有显著影响。2)视觉搜索和再认的准确性随被试年龄的增长而提高,反应时则随其年龄增长而缩短。3)靶项目是否作为搜索项目出现对视觉搜索和再认的准确性没有显著影响,但对视觉搜索和再认的反应时有显著影响,靶项目的出现使视觉搜索和再认的反应时都显著缩短。4)搜索项性质对视觉搜索和再认的反应时指标有显著影响,但对准确性没有显著影响。