不同情景下小学儿童对说谎与说真话的道德评价

研究探讨了小学7、9、11岁儿童在对说谎与说真话进行道德评价时不同情景间的差异.研究结果发现,小学儿童对于具有积极意义的说谎/真话的评价显著地好于消极性的说谎/真话.但在对具有积极意义的说谎以及具有消极意义的真话进行评价时,具有显著的情景间差异.总的来说,在个体情景下,对谦虚谎及做好事说真话的评价具有年龄的效应,且谦虚谎的评价比白谎更为积极,而白谎的评价比集体情景下的说谎与伤害性说谎更为积极;而儿童对于交往情景下直率真话的评价在所有的年龄都趋于中性,有别于其他情景.     

幼儿说谎行为的发展及其与说谎认知的关系

该研究考察了3~5岁幼儿违规后说谎的人数及其年龄特征,同时探讨了说谎行为与说谎概念理解、道德评价之间的关系。研究结果表明,即使是3岁儿童,违规后出现说谎的人数至少在一半以上,但4、5岁儿童在说谎的人数上要显著地多于3岁儿童。在说谎/说真话概念理解与道德评价的发展上,年龄间差异显著,从3岁至5岁逐渐达到成熟水平。研究结果没有发现是否说谎与说谎认知之间的关系,即在说谎/说真话的概念理解与道德评价上,说谎组儿童与没有说谎组儿童没有显著的差异。     

Cross-cultural differences in children's choices, categorizations, and evaluations of truths and lies

This study examined cross-cultural differences and similarities in children's moral understanding of individual- or collective-oriented lies and truths. Seven-, 9-, and 11-year-old Canadian and Chinese children were read stories about story characters facing moral dilemmas about whether to lie or tell the truth to help a group but harm an individual or vice versa. Participants chose to lie or to tell the truth as if they were the character (Experiments 1 and 2) and categorized and evaluated the story characters' truthful and untruthful statements (Experiments 3 and 4). Most children in both cultures labeled lies as lies and truths as truths. The major cultural differences lay in choices and moral evaluations. Chinese children chose lying to help a collective but harm an individual, and they rated it less negatively than lying with opposite consequences. Chinese children rated truth telling to help an individual but harm a group less positively than the alternative. Canadian children did the opposite. These findings suggest that cross-cultural differences in emphasis on groups versus individuals affect children's choices and moral judgments about truth and deception.     

由空气传递的声音刺激对胎儿呼吸及胎动的影响

采用回顾性研究方法考察了由空气传递的声音刺激对未足月与足月胎儿的呼吸性运动与胎动的影响.结果发现,胎儿通过呼吸运动的变化(如呼吸运动加速、减缓、停止/停顿等)及胎动来对外界刺激作出反应;而且这种反应在不同胎龄的胎儿间有显著的不同胎龄大的或足月的胎儿在有声音刺激条件下的呼吸运动变化比胎龄小的更多.     

紫霞观纪游

住在武陵源沙坪的家庭旅馆村,出门闲步,马路旁边的山崖上,几幢气宇轩昂的寺观便跃入眼帘。虽然从此路经多次,却从未进去一睹风彩。行近山门,见一群泥瓦工匠正在修补路径,匠人们告之,今日不收门票,等几天重新开观后每人就得花20多元才能入内了。几位陌路游客便沿着石级山径开始攀登了。初夏之际,久雨初睛。雕梁画壁的古朴建筑依稀点缀在山崖间一片翠绿之中,真有“万绿丛中几点红”的韵味。行进百步,顶头骄阳已晒得游人汗流浃背了。我们在悬崖山径间寻阴凉处稍息,一块大理石碑竖在路旁,原来是介绍碑下石块上的足迹。此石叫《仙人足迹石》,石块…     

Does Image Matter to Different Job Applicants? The influences of corporate image and applicant individual differences on organizational attractiveness

This research examined both the effects of various corporate image dimensions on organizational attractiveness and the moderating effects of applicant individual difference variables on the aforementioned relationships. Two studies were conducted for this research, which involved 40 bank samples and 360 student participants ( Study 1 ) and 538 employee–student mixed samples ( Study 2 ). By implementing different research designs, samples, and industry targets in the two studies, we found that corporate product image, corporate citizenship image, and corporate credibility image were important antecedents to organizational attractiveness. One of the proposed applicant individual difference variables, environmental sensitivity, was found to moderate the relationship between corporate citizenship image and organizational attractiveness.     

拼音学习对幼儿语音意识发展的影响

研究考察了拼音学习对幼儿汉语和英语语音意识发展的影响。结果发现,拼音学习对幼儿汉语和英语语音意识都有促进作用,但在不同成分上存在差异。这种促进作用主要体现在音节内的押韵和首音意识,而对幼儿原来已发展起来的音节意识和末位音位意识（英语）的影响作用很小。同时,研究还从跨语言角度分析了拼音学习对汉语和英语语音意识发展影响的相似性     

父母教养投入对青少年亲社会行为的影响:亲子依恋的中介作用

在北京、广东、河南、辽宁等省市的20所中小学中选取小学五年级、初中二年级和高中二年级学生共2370名,采用父母教养投入问卷（青少年版）、亲子依恋问卷和亲社会行为问卷,通过结构方程模型探讨青少年感知的父母教养投入行为对其亲社会行为的影响及其作用机制。结果表明：（1）青少年感知的父母教养投入显著正向预测青少年的亲社会行为,母亲的影响显著大于父亲;（2）亲子依恋在父母教养投入对青少年亲社会行为的影响中具有中介作用;（3）父亲和母亲教养投入影响青少年亲社会行为的作用机制存在差异,其中父亲教养投入通过父子依恋的完全中介作用对亲社会行为产生正向影响;母亲教养投入对亲社会行为的影响既会通过母子依恋的部分中介作用发挥积极作用,也会通过父子依恋的遮掩效应产生负向削弱作用。     

When all signs point to you: lies told in the face of evidence

Young children's ability to tell a strategic lie by making it consistent with the physical evidence of their transgression was investigated along with the sociocognitive correlates of such lie-telling behaviors. In Experiment 1, 247 Chinese children between 3 and 5 years of age (126 boys) were left alone in a room and asked not to lift a cup to see the contents. If children lifted up the cup, the contents would be spilled and evidence of their transgression would be left behind. Upon returning to the room, the experimenter asked children whether they peeked and how the contents of the cup ended up on the table. Experiment 1 revealed that young children are able to tell strategic lies to be consistent with the physical evidence by about 4 or 5 years of age, and this ability increases in sophistication with age. Experiment 2, which included 252 Chinese 4-year-olds (127 boys), identified 2 sociocognitive factors related to children's ability to tell strategic lies. Specifically, both children's theory-of-mind understanding and inhibitory control skills were significantly related to their ability to tell strategic lies in the face of physical evidence. The present investigation reveals that contrary to the prevailing views, even young children are able to tell strategic lies in some contexts.     

教育认知诊断测验与认知模型一致性的评估

构建正确的认知模型是成功进行认知诊断的关键之一,如果认知诊断测验不能完整准确地代表这个认知模型,这个测验的效度就存在问题.属性及其层级可以表示一个认知模型.在认知模型正确基础上,给出了一个计量公式以衡量认知诊断测验能够多大程度上代表认知模型;对于不止包含一个知识状态的等价类及其形成原因进行了分析,对Cui等人的属性层级相合性指标(HCI)提出修改建议,以更好地探查数据与专家给出的认知模型的一致性.