认知负荷对顿悟问题解决的影响

顿悟问题解决有许多影响因素,其中认知资源的耗费会影响到工作记忆的容量及加工效果,进而影响顿悟问题解决的效果.本实验通过三种呈现时间间隔,两种活动任务(高负荷任务和低负荷任务),组合为五种实验条件,探讨了源问题与靶问题呈现时间间隔与间隔期间活动任务(即不同的认知资源耗费程度)对关键启发信息激活的影响.结果表明:认知资源的耗费是影响顿悟问题解决的重要因素,认知资源耗费越多,关键启发信息越难激活;如果没有其他信息的干扰,源靶问题之间的时间问隔越长,有助于被试对源问题中的关键启发信息的思考与归纳,进而在解答靶问题过程中就越容易提取出关键启发信息.     

面孔识别异族效应的研究

异族效应是面孔识别过程中一种非常稳定的现象,表现为对本族面孔的识别与再认成绩显著高于异族面孔.脑成像研究也证实了这两类面孔在神经表征上的差异.关于该效应主要有知觉经验说与社会分类说两种理论解释,但围绕着其心理机制仍然存在着很多争议然,未来的研究需要考虑族群认同等社会-人格因素对于异族效应的影响,并注意考察本族面孔与异族面孔有提取阶段可能存在的神经活动的差异.     

Minorities remember more: the effect of social identity salience on group-referent memory

Research on the group-reference effect has confirmed that social identities can affect memory, but few studies have explored the role of identity salience in this effect. Two experiments were designed to fill the gap. In Experiment 1 Tibetan students at one predominantly Han Chinese university showed high ethnic identity salience and better memory for trait adjectives encoded in reference to Tibetans than in reference to Han Chinese. In Experiment 2 Tibetan students at one Tibetan-majority university demonstrated low ethnic identity salience and no differences were found between memory performance under Tibetan-referential processing and Han-referential processing conditions. In comparison, Han participants did not show high ethnic awareness or an ingroup-reference effect in either experiment, due to membership of an ethnic majority (Experiment1) and lack of inter-ethnic contact (Experiment 2). These findings suggest that high salience is a prerequisite for social identities to facilitate memory.     

论马克思主义的当代魅力

在以物质依赖关系和价值多元为特征的时代,贬抑崇高不可避免,这也是马克思主义魅力弱化的时代背景.当前马克思主义"冷漠症"甚至"污名化"的现象不容低估.马克思主义的魅力和生命力在理论上表现为,它体现了科学真理性和人民利益价值性相统一的合理性,是社会历史发展的客观尺度与人民群众主体尺度的统一,即合规律性与合目的性的统一;在实践上表现为,资本主义的根本性质未变决定了它仍然是当今引领人类解放的思想旗帜,社会主义国家何时真正坚持马克思主义的指导,何时就能取得成功,相反,必导致其失败,这是已经被实践所充分验证了的不争事实.马克思主义的魅力与其说是理论上既存的,毋宁说是实践中生成的.     

The relationship of impairment to personality disorder severity among individuals with specific axis I disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

The present study examined one dimensional approach to personality disorders (PDs) in a large (n = 43,093), nationally representative sample of the U.S. population. Respondents were classified in four personality severity categories (no PD, subthreshold PD, simple PD, complex PD). Linear regression analyses were conducted to examine mental disability by PD severity for major DSM-IV substance use, mood and anxiety disorders. Significant increases in disability were observed between no PD and simple PD and between simple PD and complex PD for each Axis I disorder except drug dependence, but few differences in disability were found between no PD and subthreshold PD. This study found support for the clinical utility of the dimensional classification of PD severity with regard to the distinction between simple and complex PD and for a combined no PD-subthreshold PD level of severity. Future planned analyses will address the clinical utility of the classification prospectively, with a full battery of all Axis II PDs.     

道教养生与技术哲学交叉研究的新成果——黄永锋《道教服食技术研究》评介

道教服食是道教信从者通过摄取食物、药物、气、符等来防治疾病、养护身心,以求长生成仙的过程中所应用的一切手段、方法、知识等活动方式的总和.它包括服药、服气、辟谷、饮食、服符等方面,是一类富有特色的道教养生类型.近年来,学术界对道教养生学关注较多,因此道教养生中服食问题也相应地有一些学者加以探讨.黄永锋博士认为道教养生学研究课题众多,服食养生应该专门加以系统研究;同时有必要重新界定道教服食,在新的理论平台上进行多视角深人的审视.     

Icon flickering, flicker rate, and color combinations of an icon's symbol/background in visual search performance

The effects of color combinations of an icon's symbol/background and components of flicker and flicker rate on visual search performance on a liquid crystal display screen were investigated with 39 subjects who searched for a target icon in a circular stimulus array (diameter = 20 cm) including one target and 19 distractors. Analysis showed that the icon's symbol/background color significantly affected search time. The search times for icons with black/red and white/blue were significantly shorter than for white/yellow, black/yellow, and black/blue. Flickering of different components of the icon significantly affected the search time. Search time for an icon's border flickering was shorter than for an icon symbol flickering; search for flicker rates of 3 and 5 Hz was shorter than that for 1 Hz. For icon's symbol/background color combinations, search error rate for black/blue was greater than for black/red and white/blue combinations, and the error rate for an icon's border flickering was lower than for an icon's symbol flickering. Interactions affected search time and error rate. Results are applicable to design of graphic user interfaces.     

Skin conductance as an indicator of anticipated concealed knowledge

The present study investigated the effects of anticipation on skin conductance while participants were answering a set of questions which included one of concealed knowledge. Two experiments were conducted. In Exp. 1, 26 participants completed one experimental session. Each participant was asked to choose one two-digit number from 10 to 99 and was presented 19 other randomly generated two-digit numbers. The list of numbers was then presented to the participant on a computer screen, with a 60-sec. interval occurring every two questions. The participant-selected number was defined as the target question which was randomly placed within the 4th to 17th item of 20 questions stated as follows: "Is your selected number?" The participant was asked to answer "No" to all questions. The skin-conductance response to each question was measured. In Exp. 2, the experimental procedure was the same as that in Exp. 1 except each participant first answered 10 nontarget questions, then answered a target question with the participant's selected number, and then answered another 10 nontarget questions. There were a total of 21 questions. Analysis indicated participants in both experiments generated the highest mean skin conductance while answering the target questions, followed by lower amplitudes to questions prior to and after the target question. The skin-conductance response pattern can be used to identify the psychological process of anticipation of concealed information.     

Visualized representation of visual search patterns for a visuospatial attention test

Cancellation tests have been widely used in clinical practice and in research to evaluate visuospatial attention, visual scanning patterns, and neglect problems. The aim of the present work is to present a visualized interface for the visuospatial attentional assessment system that can be employed to monitor and analyze attention performance and the search strategies used during visuospatial processing of target cancellation. We introduce a pattern identification mechanism for visual search patterns and report our findings from examining the visual search performance and patterns. We also present a comparison of results across various cancellation tests and age groups. The present study demonstrates that our system can obtain more processing data about spatiotemporal features of visual search than can conventional tests.     

狂便谈禅,悲还说梦--龚自珍佛教思想管窥

龚自珍堪称近代中国思想解放的精神先驱.当激进的改革要求遭受挫折后,龚自珍便将沉沉心事投向了佛学.佛学赋予的智慧和普渡众生的济世观念使龚自珍受益颇深,一方面既找到了一种崇高的精神依托,另一方面同样也可以借此学说以申张自己励志改革的决心.在龚自珍那里,佛学兼具理性与信仰的双重情感,它具有宗教性,但更是龚自珍批判礼教、倡导经世致用之学的理论渊源之一.而这一自佛学中吸取营养的学术风气后来渐至发扬光大,终于形成了一股强大的社会改良思潮,也开启了近代佛学的思辨之路.