论道德能力

道德能力是一个很重要的概念。罗尔斯就把道德能力作为考察和建构现代社会的逻辑起点和价值支点,以此为基础寻求自由和平等的结合方式,安排社会的基本结构。在这里,道德能力不只是一个道德心理学的概念,更是一个道德哲学的概念。其内涵可以概括为三个层面,即合理的价值观、正义感和仁爱心、自主意识和责任感。一、合理的价值观:道德能力的实质罗尔斯把社会理解为一个公平的合作体系,对参与合作的人提出了特定的要求。他认为,合作者必须具备两种基本的道德能力,一是正义感,即一种能够了解、应用并依正义原则行事的能力;二是善观念,即具有一种…     

现象学与技术哲学——唐·伊德教授访谈录

D.伊德(D.Ihde)是美国纽约州立大学教授,以研究技术现象学而著名。2004年至2006年伊德教授应邀两次赴中国讲学。本文作者借此对他进行了专访,现将其发表,希望它有助于国内技术哲学的研究。问:伊德教授,欢迎您到中国来。在您看来,作为一位技术哲学家,应该做些什么呢?答:技术哲学家应该做许多事情,我认为,他们应该意识到那些科学哲学家没有进行深入思考的东西,特别是19世纪末20世纪初,技术变得越来越复杂。哲学家应该思考人类在发展中所面临的重大问题,评估人类发展所赋予的各种内涵。20世纪早期的技术哲学家大多担心强有力的工业和军事技术…     

淄潍河流域商周文化东渐历史背景之考古学观察

商周文化东渐是山东地区商周考古的一个重要课题,淄潍河流域则是山东地区商周考古的一个关键性区域,随着考古资料的日益丰富,从考古学角度探讨淄潍河流域商周文化东渐及其历史背景已成为可能。     

The dimensions of stage theories

Stage theories are commonly used to represent the structure of cognitive processes in the domains of cognitive processing and cognitive development. Hierarchical unidimensional theories consisting of a single sequence of stages through which development proceeds in one direction only have predominated. However, a review of stage theories revealed that a two-dimensional, interactive (multidimensional) structure is warranted. Particularly in the area of cognitive development, results of research have supported subdivision of the stages of prominent unidimensional theories. Following this trend a small number of theorists have developed multidimensional theories, most of which consist of a sequence of stages in which each stage contains a number of subsidiary stages or levels. The emergence of a similar trend in other domains is examined, and the prospects of using an existing multidimensional framework to enable future comparisons and integration of different stage theories is explored.     

Sexuality and cyberporn: Towards a new agenda for research

This article presents theoretical considerations based on cultural analysis approaches to studying pornography and sexuality as a means of starting to suggest a new agenda for cyberporn research. By bringing to the forefront concepts of how subjectivity and sexuality are produced within the computer/Internet apparatus, I hope to diversify the focus in cyberporn research away from social science approaches and pre-Foucaultian assumptions of the subject which obscure understandings of new media and cyberporn use. Through a summary of visual culture studies and reception studies of pornography, I argue that cyberporn must be understood as contingent within the encoding and decoding processes and discourses of sexuality (Foucault) in which it is produced and consumed. My focus here is the home office/terminal as the site of reception/cyberporn use. While there is potential for a great variety of cultural analytic approaches to the study of cyberporn and how new media use influences sexuality, I end with specific suggestions for researching cyberporn reception in the home. The computer’s allure is more than utilitarian or aesthetic; it is erotic. Instead of a refreshing play with surfaces, as with toys or amusements, our affair with information machines announces a symbiotic relationship and ultimately a mental marriage to technology. Rightly perceived, the atmosphere of cyberspace carries the scent that once surrounded Wisdom. The world rendered as pure information not only fascinates our eyes and minds, but also captures our hearts. We feel augmented and empowered. Our hearts beat in the machines. This is Eros. (Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality)     

说一切有部俱有因的定义

关于俱有因的定义,现今的大多数辞典都是采用《俱舍论》第六卷中的“互为果义”的定义。但实际上这一定义是世亲用来指出有部在理论上存在矛盾的定义,并且受到了众贤的强烈批判。众贤在《显宗论》第九卷中则以“同一果义”来定义俱有因。其中的差异是因为在最早出现六因理论的著作《阿毘达磨发智论》中只是列举事例而没有给六因下定义,而六因理论又随着时代的发展而发展,所以在六因的定义上,存在着争论。比如,在《大毘婆沙论》中没有讨论到:“法”是“随相”的俱有因,而“随相”却不能成为“法”的俱有因的这种非对等的情况。因此《大毘婆沙论》中将俱有因理解成心和心所的这种互为因果,相互对等的情况。因此对俱有因的定义就偏向于“互为果”。而后来由于生灭四相理论的引入,所以触及到法与随相非互为俱有因的情况。但当时俱有因的定义还是延用原有的“互为果”的说法。因此遭到了《俱舍论》的强烈的攻击。最终,众贤将俱有因定义为“同得一果”。即同得一(士用)果的其它法是该果的俱有因。从而含摄了互为因果和非互为因果的两种情况。     

The emotional attentional blink is robust to divided attention

The emotional attentional blink (EAB) refers to a temporary impairment in the ability to identify a target when it is preceded by an emotional distractor. It is thought to occur because the emotional salience of the distractor exogenously captures attention for a brief duration, rendering the target unattended and preventing it from reaching awareness. Here we tested the extent to which the EAB can be attenuated by inducing a diffuse top-down attentional state, which has been shown to improve target identification in an analogous attentional phenomenon, the attentional blink. Rapid sequences of landscape images were presented centrally, and participants reported the orientation of a ± 90° rotation of a landscape target. To induce a diffuse state of attention, participants were given a secondary task of monitoring for the appearance of a colored dot in the periphery. We found that emotional distractors impaired target recognition performance to comparable extents, regardless of whether or not participants concurrently performed the peripheral-monitoring task. Moreover, we found that performance of the secondary task led to an impaired ability to ignore neutral distractors. Subjective ratings of target vividness mirrored the behavioral accuracy, with frequent reports of intermediate levels of vividness suggesting that the EAB might impair target visibility in a graded manner. Our results demonstrate that the EAB is robust to manipulations of top-down attention, suggesting that the temporary capture of attention by emotionally salient stimuli involves processes that are distinct from those that produce the attentional blink.     

Calculating and graphing within-subject confidence intervals for ANOVA

The psychological and statistical literature contains several proposals for calculating and plotting confidence intervals (CIs) for within-subjects (repeated measures) ANOVA designs. A key distinction is between intervals supporting inference about patterns of means (and differences between pairs of means, in particular) and those supporting inferences about individual means. In this report, it is argued that CIs for the former are best accomplished by adapting intervals proposed by Cousineau (Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 1, 42–45, 2005) and Morey (Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 4, 61–64, 2008) so that nonoverlapping CIs for individual means correspond to a confidence for their difference that does not include zero. CIs for the latter can be accomplished by fitting a multilevel model. In situations in which both types of inference are of interest, the use of a two-tiered CI is recommended. Free, open-source, cross-platform software for such interval estimates and plots (and for some common alternatives) is provided in the form of R functions for one-way within-subjects and two-way mixed ANOVA designs. These functions provide an easy-to-use solution to the difficult problem of calculating and displaying within-subjects CIs.