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Cooney RE Joormann J Eugène F Dennis EL Gotlib IH 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(4):470-478
Rumination, or recursive self-focused thinking, has important implications for understanding the development and maintenance
of depressive episodes. Rumination is associated with the worsening of negative mood states, greater affective responding
to negative material, and increased access to negative memories. The present study was designed to use fMRI to examine neural
aspects of rumination in depressed and healthy control individuals. We used a rumination induction task to assess differences
in patterns of neural activation during ruminative self-focus as compared with a concrete distraction condition and with a
novel abstract distraction condition in 14 participants who were diagnosed with major depressive disorder and 14 healthy control
participants. Depressed participants exhibited increased activation in the orbitofrontal cortex, subgenual anterior cingulate,
and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as compared with healthy controls during rumination versus concrete distraction. Neural
activity during rumination versus abstract distraction was greater for depressed than for control participants in the amygdala,
rostral anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and parahippocampus.
These findings indicate that ruminative self-focus is associated with enhanced recruitment of limbic and medial and dorsolateral
prefrontal regions in depression. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://cabn.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
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Recent research has shown that the contextual domain of job performance could be divided into an interpersonal and a personal facet. This study examined how personality variables relate differentially to these two distinct facets. Supervisory-level employees (N=187) completed the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI, Cheung et al., 1996) and provided their recent performance appraisal records. Results indicated that personality traits that relate to interpersonal orientation (e.g., Harmony and Leadership in the CPAI) better predict interpersonal versus personal contextual behaviors, whereas a trait associated with personal virtues such as moral obligation and loyalty to group (e.g., CPAI’s Veraciousness) predicts the personal but not the interpersonal domain. These results extend previous research findings that personality variables are valid predictors of the contextual domain of job performance, and demonstrate that the same personality variable differs in levels of predictive validity depending on the foci of the contextual behaviors. 相似文献
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Fanny Lalot Marcello Cantarella Oulmann Zerhouni Emilie Joly Alain Quiamzade Juan Manuel Falomir-Pichastor 《Journal of personality assessment》2019,101(3):294-304
Need for uniqueness represents the need for people to feel different and distinguish themselves from others. Two major scales exist that measure this need: the Need for Uniqueness scale (NfU; Snyder &; Fromkin, 1977) and the Self-Attributed Need for Uniqueness scale (SANU; Lynn &; Harris, 1997b). We propose here a French version of both scales. Through a dual approach of exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses, we investigated the scales' structure in student samples from two French-speaking countries (France and Switzerland, N = 1,348) as well as measures of internal and external validity. Both scales presented good psychometric properties in French. Additionally, we investigated differences between the scales, as literature suggests that the NfU relies mostly on public and risky displays of uniqueness, whereas the SANU focuses on private and more socially acceptable means to acquire a feeling of uniqueness. Differences arose in the links with several personality characteristics (emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, sensation seeking, and self-consciousness), suggesting that the NfU corresponds rather to a need to demonstrate uniqueness through public displays and the SANU to a need to feel unique through more private means. We discuss implications for research and provide advice on choosing by the scale most appropriate to the researcher's aims. 相似文献