Book reviews

Private Practice Youngstown, Ohio 44512     

Women of the fifties: Their past sexual experiences and current sexual attitudes in the context of mother/daughter relationships

As part of a study on sexual communication between mothers and daughters, 141 college-educated mothers of college-age daughters completed a questionnaire on their past sexual activities (including high school and college experiences, first love experience, first experience of intercourse, first and successive pregnancies, and birth of first child). Mothers also indicated the degree to which they had experienced 14 sex-related fears during college and at present. Several questions tapped present sexual attitudes concerning themselves and their daughters. Mothers were asked how they would feel if their daughters never married, never had children, or had a homosexual relation. The majority reported that their sexual attitudes had become more liberal since college and indicated that their daughters had influenced these attitudes. The majority also indicated they were satisfied with the current sexual communication with their daughters and with the mother/daughter relationship in general.This work was supported by a grant from the Ford Foundation. Please address correspondence to Marilyn Yalom, Center for Research on Women, Serra House, Stanford, California 94305.     

北京香港大学生某些性格特点的比较——对MMPI应答差异的内容分析

本文对北京与香港大学生MMPI测查结果的差异进行了内容分析。使用的是Wiggins内容量表。该量表是使用最为广泛的MMPI内容量表之一。它是1966年Wiggins根据合理建构法及内部一致性的统计检验编制而成。共包括13个分量表。测查结果显示,在男生方面,北京大学生的HOS、FEM两个分量表得分高于香港大学生。香港大学生的REL分量表的得分高于北京的大学生。在女性方面,FEM、REL、AUT、HOS、HYP各分量表的分数,香港的大学生均高于北京的大学生。     

The case of Brew

The author, a personality and social psychologist, attempts a candid life history for his colleagues in psychology.     

Transgender individuals' workplace experiences: the applicability of sexual minority measures and models

The present study explored whether 3 existing measures of workplace constructs germane to the experiences of sexual minority people could be modified to improve their applicability with transgender individuals. To this end, the Workplace Heterosexist Experiences Questionnaire (WHEQ; C. R. Waldo, 1999); the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Climate Inventory (LGBTCI; B. J. Liddle, D. A. Luzzo, A. L. Hauenstein, & K. Schuck, 2004); and the Workplace Sexual Identity Management Measure (WSIMM; M. Z. Anderson, J. M. Croteau, Y. B. Chung, & T. M. DiStefano, 2001) were modified to explicitly address the experiences of transgender individuals. Data from a sample of 263 transgender individuals were used to evaluate the psychometric properties of the modified measures. Analyses of the structures of the modified measures (Transgender Forms [TF]) suggested an alternative 2-factor structure for the WHEQ-TF, but provided support for the previously observed unidimensional structure for the LGBTCI-TF, and a slightly modified 3-factor structure for the WSIMM-TF. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients for scale or subscale items across the 3 measures were acceptable. Criterion-related validity was evident in theoretically consistent patterns of correlations between scores on the 3 modified measures and scores on indicators of job satisfaction and outness. These data provide preliminary support for transgender-specific versions of measures of 3 key constructs in the sexual minority vocational behavior research.     

Perspective Effects on Recall in a Testimony Paradigm

The two present studies examined the influence of perspective instructions given during encoding and retrieval on the recall of a visual event. Participants viewed slides or a film depicting a day in the life of a man. Before viewing the to-be-remembered event, they were instructed to adopt the perspective of an alcoholic vs. an unemployed man vs. no perspective (Experiment 1), or of an unemployed man vs. no perspective (Experiment 2). Participants in the first study were interviewed twice, with the second recall being preceded by either a change perspective instruction or without any specific instruction. In the second study, participants were interviewed using either a cognitive interview (CI) or a CI without the change perspective instruction. Results showed that adopting a perspective during encoding impaired recall performance and failed to demonstrate a significant benefit of the change perspective instruction. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.     

编制中国人个性测量表(CPAI)的意义与程序

从1990年开始中国科学院心理研究所与香港中文大学心理系合作,编制“中国人个性测量表”(CPAI)。编制方法严格按照个性测验编制程序进行。共分四个步骤,一、建立正常与病态个性量表的框架。二、构成量表的项目。三、测量表的最后确定。四、量表的标准化工作。编制出的测量表共包括22个正常个性量表,12个病态个性量表及2个效度量表,共510个项目。经实践检验与统计分析,证明该测量表具有一定的信度与效度。     

Use of Western and Indigenously Developed Personality Tests in Asia

Cet article passe en revue les recherches transculturelles sur les grandes évaluations de la personnalité dans les pays asiatiques, à savoir le MMPI, l'EPQ, le STAI et le NEO-PI-R. On aborde la question de l'application interculturelle de tests traduits. L'Inventaire d'Evaluation de la Personnalité Chinois (CPAI) est mentionné comme exemple de travaux autochtones qui ont mis en évidence des dimensions originales ou importantes. Développéà l'origine en tant qu'outil d'évaluation culturellement approprié au peuple chinois, le CPAI a ensuite permis de mettre à l'épreuve l'universalité des théories occidentales de la personnalité. Le facteur spécifique du CPAI relatif aux liens interpersonnels est utile pour l'étude d'un aspect de la personnalité qui est absent des mesures de la personnalité importées. On examine aussi les défis à venir qui attendent la recherche et les applications concernant l'évaluation de la personnalité en Asie.
This paper reviews the cross-cultural research on major personality measures in Asian countries, including the MMPI, EPQ, STAI, and the NEO-PI-R. Considerations in the cross-cultural application of translated tests are discussed. The Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI) is cited as an example of indigenous measures that have identified culturally salient or unique dimensions. Although developed originally as a culturally relevant assessment tool for Chinese people, the CPAI has also become a means to examine the universality of Western personality theories. The unique Interpersonal Relatedness factor of the CPAI is useful to the study of an aspect of personality that has been absent in imported personality measures. Future challenges for research and applications of personality assessment in Asia are discussed.     

School Context and Ethnic Minority Adolescent Religiosity: A Longitudinal Study

Previous research has shown that ethnic school composition can have an impact on a number of outcomes for pupils. The influence ethnic school composition has on pupils’ religiosity, however, has not received much attention. Furthermore, the few previous studies that have examined this relationship have relied on cross‐sectional data, thus being unable to separate selection effects from causal effects. In this research note we use longitudinal data collected among pupils in the third (2011–2012) and sixth grade (2014–2015) of secondary schools in Flanders, the northern part of Belgium. We examine changes in religiosity among pupils using cross‐classified multilevel analyses. The results show that there is a positive impact of ethnic school composition on ethnic minority religiosity. This does not mean, however, that pupils become more religious in schools with a higher share of ethnic minority pupils. We rather see that a decline in religiosity among highly religious pupils is attenuated in schools with more ethnic minority pupils.     

An application of the prototype willingness model to drivers' speeding behaviour

We tested the prototype willingness model (PWM). The participants (N = 198) completed online questionnaire measures of PWM constructs (Time 1) and subsequent speeding behaviour (Time 2). Path analyses showed that the PWM accounted for 89% of the variance in subsequent (self‐reported) speeding behaviour. This significantly exceeded the variance accounted for by the theory of planned behaviour. In line with the PWM, both behavioural intention and behavioural willingness had direct effects on behaviour. Behavioural willingness had a significantly larger effect. Attitude and subjective norm both had indirect effects on behaviour through both behavioural intention and behavioural willingness. Prototype (similarity) perceptions had indirect effects on behaviour through behavioural willingness only. The findings support the notion that driving is governed by reactive decision‐making (willingness), underpinned by prototype perceptions, attitudes and subjective norms, to a greater extent than it is deliberative decision‐making (intentions), underpinned by attitudes and subjective norms. The implications for safety interventions are discussed.